# Southeast Asia: ASEAN Power Grid (APG) Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/countries/asean-power-grid This section provides specific details about Scenario Builder's model of ASEAN Power Grid, a multi-country model connecting the electricity systems of all ten ASEAN member states — Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam — covering generation, dispatch, and cross-border trade flows. # Changelog Support for APG capacity expansion and dispatch scenarios # Model scope ## Capacity Expansion * Base year: 2023 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: * National (10-node) * Regional (25-nodes): * Java (GRIDREGION-IDN-JW) * Kalimantan (GRIDREGION-IDN-KA) * Maluku (GRIDREGION-IDN-ML) * Nusa Tenggara (GRIDREGION-IDN-NU) * Papua (GRIDREGION-IDN-PP) * Sulawesi (GRIDREGION-IDN-SL) * Sumatra (GRIDREGION-IDN-SM) * Peninsular (GRIDREGION-MYS-PE) * Sabah (GRIDREGION-MYS-SH) * Sarawak (GRIDREGION-MYS-SK) * Luzon (GRIDREGION-PHL-LU) * Mindanao (GRIDREGION-PHL-MI) * Visayas (GRIDREGION-PHL-VI) * Singapore (GRIDREGION-SGP-BT) * Batam Solar (GRIDREGION-SGP-ML) * Central Thailand (GRIDREGION-THA-CE) * Northern Thailand (GRIDREGION-THA-NO) * Southern Thailand (GRIDREGION-THA-SO) * Central Vietnam (GRIDREGION-VNM-CE) * Northern Vietnam (GRIDREGION-VNM-NO) * Southern Vietnam (GRIDREGION-VNM-SO) * Laos (LAO) * Brunei (BRN) * Cambodia (KHM) * Myanmar (MMR) * Temporal resolution: * Low resolution (24-hourly and yearly) - 1 Timeslice * Medium resolution (3-hourly and 3-monthly) - 32 Timeslices ## Dispatch * Spatial resolution: * National (10-node) * Regional (25-nodes): * Java (GRIDREGION-IDN-JW) * Kalimantan (GRIDREGION-IDN-KA) * Maluku (GRIDREGION-IDN-ML) * Nusa Tenggara (GRIDREGION-IDN-NU) * Papua (GRIDREGION-IDN-PP) * Sulawesi (GRIDREGION-IDN-SL) * Sumatra (GRIDREGION-IDN-SM) * Peninsular (GRIDREGION-MYS-PE) * Sabah (GRIDREGION-MYS-SH) * Sarawak (GRIDREGION-MYS-SK) * Luzon (GRIDREGION-PHL-LU) * Mindanao (GRIDREGION-PHL-MI) * Visayas (GRIDREGION-PHL-VI) * Singapore (GRIDREGION-SGP-BT) * Batam Solar (GRIDREGION-SGP-ML) * Central Thailand (GRIDREGION-THA-CE) * Northern Thailand (GRIDREGION-THA-NO) * Southern Thailand (GRIDREGION-THA-SO) * Central Vietnam (GRIDREGION-VNM-CE) * Northern Vietnam (GRIDREGION-VNM-NO) * Southern Vietnam (GRIDREGION-VNM-SO) * Laos (LAO) * Brunei (BRN) * Cambodia (KHM) * Myanmar (MMR) * Temporal resolution: * High resolution (hourly and single year) - 8760 timesteps * Available for single years between 2023-2050 # Data sourcing table | Input variable | Data source | Data standard | | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------ | | Demand profiles - current | 2023 load profile of [NEMS](http://nems.emcsg.com/nems-prices) for Singapore, 2023 load profile of [GSO](https://www.gso.org.my/SystemData/SystemDemand.aspx/) for Malaysia, 2023 load profile of [IEMOP](https://www.iemop.ph/) for The Philippines, 2023 load profile of [NSMO](https://www.nsmo.vn/) for Vietnam, and 2015 load profile from [TransitionZero in-house methodology](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) for the rest | Silver | | Demand profiles - future | Same profile assumed for all future years | Bronze | | Annual demand - current | [NEMS](http://nems.emcsg.com/nems-prices), Tenaga Nasional Berhad, [Sarawak Energy Berhad](https://www.sarawakenergy.com/investors/annual-and-sustainability-reports/annual-reports), [Malaysia Energy Commission](https://myenergystats.st.gov.my/dashboard), [IEMOP](https://www.iemop.ph/), Electricity of Vietnam (EVN), [EDL Statistic Yearbook 2023](https://edl.com.la/statistic#), [Electricity Authority of Cambodia's Annual Reports on Power Sector](https://eac.gov.kh/site/annualreport?lang=en), [Brunei Darussalum Department of Planning and Statistics](https://deps.mofe.gov.bn/DEPD%20Documents%20Library/DOS/BDSYB/BDSYB.pdf), [Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO)](https://www.eppo.go.th/index.php/en/en-energystatistics/electricity-statistic), [Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA)](https://www.pea.co.th/en/about-pea/annual-report), CASE Indonesia, [RUPTL 2025-2034](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/b967d-ruptl-pln-2025-2034-pub-.pdf), [TransitionZero in-house methodology](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Silver | | Annual demand - future | [Philippines Power Development Plan](https://legacy.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/electric_power/development_plans/Power%20Development%20Plan%202023-2050.pdf), CASE Indonesia, [RUPTL 2025-2034](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/b967d-ruptl-pln-2025-2034-pub-.pdf), [Transition Zero in-house methodology](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Solar profile - current | [NEMS](http://nems.emcsg.com/nems-prices), [GSO](https://www.gso.org.my/SystemData/SystemDemand.aspx/), [Transition Zero in-house methodology](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Silver | | Solar profile - future | Shape of the renewable profiles does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Hydropower profile - current | [GSO](https://www.gso.org.my/SystemData/SystemDemand.aspx/), [Transition Zero in-house methodology](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Silver | | Hydropower profile - future | Shape of the renewable profiles does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Other renewable profiles - current | [Transition Zero in-house methodology](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Other renewable profiles - future | Shape of the renewable profiles does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Renewable potentials | [Transition Zero in-house methodology](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Technology costs - current | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Technology costs - future | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Interconnector lists | [Transition Zero APG study 2024 version Scenario 4](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Silver | | Interconnector capacity data - current | [Global Transmission Database](https://zenodo.org/records/10870602) | Silver | | Interconnector capacity data - future | [Transition Zero in-house methodology](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - current | [Transition Zero in-house methodology](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Interconnector technology costs - future | [Transition Zero in-house methodology](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Commodity costs - current | Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Sarawak Energy Berhah, [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf) and [Transition Zero in-house methodology](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Silver | | Commodity costs - future | [Transition Zero in-house methodology](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf) | Silver | | Efficiency / Losses | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Minimum generation level | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation levels, then linearly reduced to zero by 2035 | Bronze | | Planned outages / Availability | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation, and [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | Bronze | | Discount rate | Default (5%) | Bronze | | Reserve margin | Default (20%) | Bronze | | WACC | IEA Cost of Capital Observatory | Bronze | | Power plant data (location, capacity, fuel, technology, start year, end year) | Compilation of the individual country power plant datasets | Gold | # Southern Europe: Western Balkans Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/countries/balkans This section provides specific details about Scenario Builder's model of the Western Balkans, a multi-country model covering Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia, including cross-border trade flows. The Western Balkans model is **uncalibrated**. It has not been through TransitionZero's [model calibration standard](/methodology/model-calibration), so results have not been checked against historical capacities, generation, emissions, or trade. Use it for exploratory analysis out of the box, and calibrate it for modelling work. # Changelog Western Balkans 6-node model (uncalibrated) added to Scenario Builder, with support for capacity expansion and dispatch scenarios. Base data was contributed by an external partner. # Model scope The model is selected in Scenario Builder under the **Southern Europe** geography. ## Capacity Expansion * Base year: 2024 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: * Regional (6-nodes): * Albania (ALB) * Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH) * Kosovo (XKO) * Montenegro (MNE) * North Macedonia (MKD) * Serbia (SRB) * Temporal resolution: * Low resolution (24-hourly and yearly) - 1 timeslice * Medium resolution (3-hourly and 3-monthly) - 32 timeslices ## Dispatch * Spatial resolution: * Regional (6-nodes): * Albania (ALB) * Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH) * Kosovo (XKO) * Montenegro (MNE) * North Macedonia (MKD) * Serbia (SRB) * Temporal resolution: * High resolution (hourly and single year) - 8760 timesteps * Available for single years between 2024-2050 # Data sourcing table Base data for the Western Balkans was contributed by an external partner and is published in a model-ready format so that others can run their own scenario analysis from it. Input data sources and data standards are being confirmed with the partner and will be documented here. # Bangladesh Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/countries/bangladesh This section provides specific details about Scenario Builder's model of Bangladesh. # Changelog Support for Bangladesh capacity expansion and dispatch scenarios # Model scope ## Capacity Expansion * Base year: 2023 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Regional (9-node) * Rangpur (GRIDREGION-BGD-RP) * Rajshahi (GRIDREGION-BGD-RS) * Sylhet (GRIDREGION-BGD-SY) * Chittagong (GRIDREGION-BGD-CG) * Dhaka (GRIDREGION-BGD-DH) * Khulna (GRIDREGION-BGD-KH) * Mymensingh (GRIDREGION-BGD-MM) * Comilla (GRIDREGION-BGD-CM) * Barisal (GRIDREGION-BGD-BA) * Temporal resolution: * Low resolution (24-hourly and yearly) - 1 timeslice * Medium resolution (3-hourly and 3-monthly) - 32 timeslices ## Dispatch * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Regional (9-node) * Rangpur (GRIDREGION-BGD-RP) * Rajshahi (GRIDREGION-BGD-RS) * Sylhet (GRIDREGION-BGD-SY) * Chittagong (GRIDREGION-BGD-CG) * Dhaka (GRIDREGION-BGD-DH) * Khulna (GRIDREGION-BGD-KH) * Mymensingh (GRIDREGION-BGD-MM) * Comilla (GRIDREGION-BGD-CM) * Barisal (GRIDREGION-BGD-BA) * Temporal resolution: * High resolution (hourly and single year) - 8760 timesteps * Available for single years between 2023-2050 # Data sourcing table | **Input variable** | **Data source** | **Data standard** | | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------- | | Demand profiles - current | PyPSA Bangladesh - [Nahid and Roy](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1755008424001194) | Silver | | Demand profiles - future | PyPSA Bangladesh - [Nahid and Roy](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1755008424001194) | Silver | | Annual demand - current | PyPSA Bangladesh - [Nahid and Roy](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1755008424001194), [EMBER](https://ember-energy.org/data/electricity-data-explorer/?entity=Bangladesh\&data=demand\&fuel=total\&temporal_res=yearly) | Silver | | Annual demand - future | PyPSA Bangladesh - [Nahid and Roy](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1755008424001194); interpolated between intermediate years as Nahid and Roy only model 2019, 2030, 2040, 2050 | Silver | | Renewable profiles - current | PyPSA Bangladesh - [Nahid and Roy](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1755008424001194); scaled to match annual regional data for each BGD zone from Chu and Hawkes ([Science Direct](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544219323254); [Zenodo](https://zenodo.org/records/3557184)) | Silver | | Renewable profiles - future | PyPSA Bangladesh - [Nahid and Roy](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1755008424001194); scaled to match annual regional data for each BGD zone from Chu and Hawkes ([Science Direct](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544219323254); [Zenodo](https://zenodo.org/records/3557184)) | Silver | | Renewable potentials | Chu and Hawkes ([Science Direct](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544219323254); [Zenodo](https://zenodo.org/records/3557184)) | Silver | | Power plant data - current (location, capacity, fuel, technology, start year, end year) | Coastal Livelihood and Environmental Action Network (CLEAN) Power Generation Dataset 2024-2025 (includes commissioning and decommissioning dates for residual capacity); TZ asset database (location) | Gold | | Power plant data - future | Coastal Livelihood and Environmental Action Network (CLEAN) Power Generation Dataset 2024-2025 (includes commissioning and decommissioning dates for residual capacity); TZ asset database (location) power plant dataset (under-construction/post-FID plants commissioning date); TZ asset database (location) | Gold | | Technology costs - current | Solar and onshore wind (weighted from [TIB](https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/images/2025/report/renewable-energy-governance/Executive-Summary-on-Renewable-Energy-Governance-En.pdf?v=1.8)), nuclear (from [Akter and Shafiqul](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sangida-Akter/publication/400694246_Cost_modeling_and_policy_insights_for_deploying_two_VVER-1200_reactors_in_the_newcomer_nuclear_country_of_Bangladesh/links/698cfdd264ca8a38208ba1ef/Cost-modeling-and-policy-insights-for-deploying-two-VVER-1200-reactors-in-the-newcomer-nuclear-country-of-Bangladesh.pdf), thermals and hydro (from [Debnath and Mourshed](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/energy-research/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2018.00008/full))) | Silver | | Technology costs - future | Thermals, hydro and nuclear assumed flat costs. Solar, onshore wind and offshore wind assumed learning rates from TZ CFE India [study](https://blog.transitionzero.org/hubfs/Analysis/CFE%20Reports/TransitionZero%20-%2024-7%20CFE%20Report%20-%20India.pdf) and [IEA WEO](https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/9753df19-0a71-422a-b725-012c555763b3/WorldEnergyOutlook2025.pdf) (Table B.4a) | Bronze | | Interconnector technology costs - current | TransitionZero in-house [methodology](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Interconnector technology costs - future | Costs held constant | Bronze | | Commodity costs - current | Coastal Livelihood and Environmental Action Network (CLEAN) Power Generation Dataset 2024-2025; oil and coal prices held constant through modelling horizon. Also provides current import costs for interconnectors from India | Silver | | Commodity costs - future | Coastal Livelihood and Environmental Action Network (CLEAN) Power Generation Dataset 2024-2025; gas prices increased in-line with Timilsina and Pargal | Silver | | Domestic interconnector capacity data - current | PyPSA Bangladesh - [Nahid and Roy](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1755008424001194) | Silver | | Domestic interconnector capacity data - future | PyPSA Bangladesh - [Nahid and Roy](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1755008424001194) | Silver | | Ramp up and ramp down | [PyPSA Europe](https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur/blob/master/data/unit_commitment.csv) | Bronze | | Efficiency / Losses | [Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Indonesia](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf) | Bronze | | Minimum generation level | Derived from Coastal Livelihood and Environmental Action Network (CLEAN) Power Generation Dataset 2024-2025 for calibrated (2024-2025) and linearly reduced down to zero | Silver | | Planned outages / Availability | Derived from Coastal Livelihood and Environmental Action Network (CLEAN) Power Generation Dataset 2024-2025 for calibrated (2024-2025) and linearly reduced down to zero | Silver | | Discount rate | Default (5%) | Bronze | | Reserve margin | Default (20%) | Bronze | | WACC | Default (10%) | Bronze | # Brunei Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/countries/brunei This section provides specific details about Scenario Builder's model of Brunei. # Changelog Support for Brunei dispatch scenarios Brunei 1-node model added to Scenario Builder # Model scope ## Capacity Expansion * Base year: 2023 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: National (1 node only) * Temporal resolution: * Low resolution (24-hourly and yearly) - 1 timeslice * Medium resolution (3-hourly and 3-monthly) - 32 timeslices ## Dispatch * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Temporal resolution: * High resolution (hourly and single year) - 8760 timesteps * Available for single years between 2023-2050 # Data sourcing table | Input variable | Data source | Data standard | | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------ | | Demand profiles - current | Shape of the demand at the national-level synthetically generated from a historical year (2015) | Silver | | Demand profiles - future | Shape of the demand profile does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Annual demand - current | Historical electricity system demand ([Brunei Darussalum Department of Planning and Statistics: Statistical Yearbook 2024](https://deps.mofe.gov.bn/DEPD%20Documents%20Library/DOS/BDSYB/BDSYB.pdf)) | Gold | | Annual demand - future | TransitionZero in-house estimates | Bronze | | Renewable profiles - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Renewable profiles - future | Shape of the renewable profiles does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Renewable potentials | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Bronze | | Technology costs - current | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Technology costs - future | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Electricity cross border trade cost - current | Marginal cost of neighboring countries exporting electricity to/from Brunei based on [TZ APG study](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Electricity cross border trade cost - future | Marginal cost of neighboring countries exporting electricity to/from Brunei based on [TZ APG study](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Efficiency / Losses | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Minimum generation level | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation levels, and then linearly reduced to zero by 2035 | Bronze | | Planned outages / Availability | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation, and [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | Bronze | | Discount rate | Default (5%) | Bronze | | Reserve margin | Default (20%) | Bronze | | WACC | IEA Cost of Capital Observatory | Bronze | | Power plant data (location, capacity, fuel, technology, start year, end year) | Data served as initial and planned capacities from 2023 to 2050. This data is curated and validated by TransitionZero. See the following: [Open Infrastructure Map](https://openinframap.org/stats/area/Brunei/plants), [Brunei Department of Electrical Services](https://www.des.gov.bn/SitePages/about.aspx), [Brunei Climate Change Secretariat](https://climatechange.gov.bn/Shared%20Documents/Brunei%20Darussalam%20National%20Communication.pdf),[Brunei Shell Petroleum](https://www.bsp.com.bn/main/energy-and-innovation/energy-transition) , [Brunei Ministry of Energy](https://www.eria.org/uploads/media/Books/2023-Energy-Outlook/9_Ch.3-Brunei.pdf), [Brunei Climate Change Secretariat](https://climatechange.gov.bn/Shared%20Documents/Brunei%20Darussalam%20National%20Communication.pdf), [Solarvest](https://solarvest.com/learn/news/serikandi-and-solarvest-secure-bruneis-largest-national-solar-pv-project/) | Gold | # Cambodia Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/countries/cambodia This section provides specific details about Scenario Builder's model of Cambodia. # Changelog Support for Cambodia dispatch scenarios Cambodia 1-node model added to Scenario Builder # Model scope ## Capacity Expansion * Base year: 2023 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: National (1 node only) * Temporal resolution: * Low resolution (24-hourly and yearly) - 1 timeslice * Medium resolution (3-hourly and 3-monthly) - 32 timeslices ## Dispatch * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Temporal resolution: * High resolution (hourly and single year) - 8760 timesteps * Available for single years between 2023-2050 # Data sourcing table | Input variable | Data source | Data standard | | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------ | | Demand profiles - current | Shape of the demand at the national-level synthetically generated from a historical year (2015) | Silver | | Demand profiles - future | Shape of the demand profile does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Annual demand - current | [Historical electricity system demand (Electricity Authority of Cambodia's Annual Reports on Power Sector)](https://eac.gov.kh/site/annualreport?lang=en) | Gold | | Annual demand - future | TransitionZero in-house estimates | Bronze | | Renewable profiles - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Renewable profiles - future | Shape of the renewable profiles does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Renewable potentials | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Bronze | | Technology costs - current | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Technology costs - future | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Electricity cross border trade cost - current | Marginal cost of neighboring countries exporting electricity to/from Cambodia based on [TZ APG study](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Electricity cross border trade cost - future | Marginal cost of neighboring countries exporting electricity to/from Cambodia based on [TZ APG study](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Efficiency / Losses | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Minimum generation level | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation levels, and then linearly reduced to zero by 2035 | Bronze | | Planned outages / Availability | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation, and [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | Bronze | | Discount rate | Default (5%) | Bronze | | Reserve margin | Default (20%) | Bronze | | WACC | IEA Cost of Capital Observatory | Bronze | | Power plant data (location, capacity, fuel, technology, start year, end year) | Data served as initial and planned capacities from 2023 to 2050. This data is curated and validated by TransitionZero. See the following: [Asian Development Bank](https://www.adb.org/), [AIIB draft ESIA report 2024](https://www.aiib.org/en/projects/details/2025/_download/Cambodia/Draft-Environmental-and-Social-Impact-Assessment.pdf), [China Daily](https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/), [China Datang Overseas Investment](https://www.china-cdt.com/hwtzen/our/ouvs/2025/4/I1359465955834462208.html), [China People's Daily](https://en.people.cn/200205/29/eng20020529_96739.shtml), [CIIDG Erdos Hongjun Electric Power](http://www.ciidg.co/en/power-plant.html), [Cleantech Solar](https://cleantechsolar.com/chip-mong-insee-cement-solar-project/), [Credit Guarantee Investment Facility](https://www.cgif-abmi.org/storage/2025/04/Schneitec_Press-Release_final.pdf),[Electricity Authority of Cambodia 2023 Report on Power Sector of the Kingdom of Cambodia](https://eac.gov.kh/site/annualreport?lang=en) , [Khmer Times](https://www.khmertimeskh.com/), [Marubeni](https://www.marubeni.com/en/news/2014/release/00024.html), [Mongabay](https://news.mongabay.com/2024/09/cambodian-environment-minister-bans-logging-at-tycoons-cardamoms-hydropower-project/), [NS Energy](https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/cel-ii-sihanoukville-power-plant/), [Phnom Penh Post](https://www.phnompenhpost.com/), [Power China](https://en.powerchina.cn/2013-03/01/c_713804.htm), [Power Magazine](https://www.powermag.com/cambodia-cancels-coal-plant-in-favor-of-gas-fired-facility/), [Royal Group](https://www.royalgroup.com.kh/business-portfolio/energy-division/hydropower-lower-sesan-2), [Soma Energy](https://somaenergy.com.kh/projects/), [The People's Map of Global China](https://thepeoplesmap.net/), [VietnamPlus](https://en.vietnamplus.vn/cambodias-largest-sugar-factory-operational-post45159.vnp), [Wartsilla](https://www.wartsila.com/media/news/13-09-2005-cambodian-ipp-power-from-wartsila) | Gold | # India Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/countries/india This section provides specific details about Scenario Builder's model of India. # Changelog Support for India dispatch scenarios India 1-node and 5-node models added to Scenario Builder # Model scope ## Capacity Expansion * Base year: 2023 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Regional (5-node) * India North (GRIDREGION-IND-NO) * India North East (GRIDREGION-IND-NE) * India East (GRIDREGION-IND-EA) * India South (GRIDREGION-IND-SO) * India West (GRIDREGION-IND-WE) * Temporal resolution: * Low resolution (24-hourly and yearly) - 1 timeslice * Medium resolution (3-hourly and 3-monthly) - 32 timeslices ## Dispatch * Base year: 2023 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Regional (5-node) * India North (GRIDREGION-IND-NO) * India North East (GRIDREGION-IND-NE) * India East (GRIDREGION-IND-EA) * India South (GRIDREGION-IND-SO) * India West (GRIDREGION-IND-WE) * Temporal resolution: * High resolution (hourly and single year) - 8760 timesteps * Available for single years between 2023-2050 # Data sourcing table | **Input variable** | **Data source** | **Data standard** | | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------- | | Demand profiles - current | POSOCO, via [India Climate and Energy Dashboard](https://iced.niti.gov.in/) | Gold | | Demand profiles - future | Interpolation of [CEA Optimal Capacity Mix Report](https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/notification/2023/05/Optimal_mix_report__2029_30_Version_2.0__For_Uploading.pdf) and [CEA 20th Electrical Power Survey](https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/ps___lf/2023/02/Volume_I_Report_of_20th_Electric_Power_Survey.pdf) | Silver | | Annual demand - current | POSOCO, via [India Climate and Energy Dashboard](https://iced.niti.gov.in/), with 7% network losses assumed | Gold | | Annual demand - future | Interpolation of [CEA Optimal Capacity Mix Report](https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/notification/2023/05/Optimal_mix_report__2029_30_Version_2.0__For_Uploading.pdf) and [CEA 20th Electrical Power Survey](https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/ps___lf/2023/02/Volume_I_Report_of_20th_Electric_Power_Survey.pdf), with 7% network losses assumed | Silver | | Renewable profiles - current | In-house TransitionZero calculation, derived from [Chu and Hawkes (2020)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116630) | Gold | | Renewable profiles - future | In-house TransitionZero calculation, derived from [Chu and Hawkes (2020)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116630) | Silver | | Renewable potentials | MOSPI, via [India Climate and Energy Dashboard](https://iced.niti.gov.in/) | Gold | | Technology costs - current | [Central Electricity Authority and Danish Energy Agency, Indian Technology Catalogue](https://cea.nic.in/irp/first-indian-technology-catalogue-data-generation-and-storage-of-electricityexcel/?lang=en) | Gold | | Technology costs - future | [Central Electricity Authority and Danish Energy Agency, Indian Technology Catalogue](https://cea.nic.in/irp/first-indian-technology-catalogue-data-generation-and-storage-of-electricityexcel/?lang=en) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - current | TransitionZero in-house calculation, using "Transmission System for Integration of over 500 GW RE Capacity by 2030" | Bronze | | Interconnector technology costs - future | TransitionZero in-house calculation, using "Transmission System for Integration of over 500 GW RE Capacity by 2030" | Bronze | | Commodity costs - current | TransitionZero in-house research using published coal and gas prices, and tariff notices | Silver | | Commodity costs - future | Commodity costs assumed to remain static | Bronze | | Domestic interconnector capacity data - current | [Rolling Plan Inter State Transmission System 2028-2029](https://www.ctuil.in/uploads/annual_rolling_plan/171636414536Final%20Report_Print%20Verison.pdf), with no further exogenous build assumed past 2028 | Gold | | Domestic interconnector capacity data - future | [Rolling Plan Inter State Transmission System 2028-2029](https://www.ctuil.in/uploads/annual_rolling_plan/171636414536Final%20Report_Print%20Verison.pdf), with no further exogenous build assumed past 2028 | Silver | | Efficiency / Losses | [Central Electricity Authority and Danish Energy Agency, Indian Technology Catalogue](https://cea.nic.in/irp/first-indian-technology-catalogue-data-generation-and-storage-of-electricityexcel/?lang=en) | Gold | | Minimum generation level | [Central Electricity Authority and Danish Energy Agency, Indian Technology Catalogue](https://cea.nic.in/irp/first-indian-technology-catalogue-data-generation-and-storage-of-electricityexcel/?lang=en) | Silver | | Planned outages / Availability | Default, technology-specific | Silver | | Discount rate | 10% | Silver | | WACC | 10% | Silver | | Power plant data (location, capacity, fuel, technology, start year, end year) | Thermal technologies - Global Energy Monitor, cross referenced against data via [India Climate and Energy Monitor](http://iced.niti.gov.in/)
Renewable technologies - Global Energy Monitor, cross-referenced against [MNRE annual publications on state-wise capacity](https://mnre.gov.in/en/year-wise-achievement/) | Gold | # Indonesia Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/countries/indonesia This section provides specific details about Scenario Builder's Indonesia model # Changelog Support for Indonesia dispatch scenarios Costs data has been updated for batteries\ Installed capacities updated for hydro and gas\ Demand profiles updated Indonesia 1-node and 7-node models added to Scenario Builder # Model scope ## Capacity Expansion * Base year: 2023 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Regional (7-nodes island-wise): * Java (IDN-JW) * Sumatra (ISN-SM) * Bali and Nusa Tenggara (IDN-NU) * Kalimantan (IDN-KA) * Sulawesi (IDN-SL) * Maluku (IDN-ML) * Papua (IDN-PP) * Temporal resolution: * Low resolution (24-hourly and yearly) - 1 Timeslice * Medium resolution (3-hourly and 3-monthly) - 32 Timeslices ## Dispatch * Base year: 2023 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Regional (7-nodes island-wise): * Java (IDN-JW) * Sumatra (ISN-SM) * Bali and Nusa Tenggara (IDN-NU) * Kalimantan (IDN-KA) * Sulawesi (IDN-SL) * Maluku (IDN-ML) * Papua (IDN-PP) * Temporal resolution: * High resolution (hourly and single year) - 8760 timesteps * Available for single years between 2023-2050 # Data sourcing table | **Input variable** | **Data source** | **Data standard** | | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------- | | Demand profiles - current | Shape of the demand at the national-level synthetically generated from a historical year (2015) | Silver | | Demand profiles - future | Shape of the demand profile does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Annual demand - current | CASE Indonesia ([https://caseforsea.org/indonesia/](https://caseforsea.org/indonesia/)) | Gold | | Annual demand - future | CASE Indonesia ([https://caseforsea.org/indonesia/](https://caseforsea.org/indonesia/) | Gold | | Renewable profiles - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Renewable profiles - future | Shape of the renewable profiles does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Renewable potentials | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Bronze | | Technology costs - current | [Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Indonesia](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf) | Gold | | Technology costs - future | [Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Indonesia](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf) | Gold | | Interconnector technology costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - future | TransitionZero in-house estimates ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Domestic interconnector capacity data - current | [Government of Indonesia (RUKN 2025-2060)](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/28dd4-rukn.pdf) | Gold | | Domestic interconnector capacity data - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Electricity cross border trade cost - current | Marginal cost of neighboring countries exporting electricity to/from Indonesia based on [TZ APG study](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Electricity cross border trade cost - future | Marginal cost of neighboring countries exporting electricity to/from Indonesia based on [TZ APG study](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Efficiency / Losses | [Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Indonesia](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf) | Silver | | Minimum generation level | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation levels, and then linearly reduced to zero by 2035 | Bronze | | Planned outages / Availability | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation, and [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | Bronze | | Discount rate | Default (5%) | Bronze | | WACC | IEA Cost of Capital Observatory | Bronze | | Power plant data (location, capacity, fuel, technology, start year, end year) | Data served as initial and planned capacities from 2023 to 2050. This data is curated and validated by TransitionZero. The base dataset is from Global Energy Monitor with enhancements from "additional asset sources". See the following: [RUPTL 2021-20230](https://web.pln.co.id/statics/uploads/2021/10/ruptl-2021-2030.pdf) | Gold | # Japan Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/countries/japan This section provides specific details about Scenario Builder's model of Japan. # Changelog The Japan 1-node and 10-node model added to Scenario Builder # Model scope * Base year: 2023 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Regional (10-nodes): * Shikoku (GRIDREGION-JPN-SH) * Hokuriku (GRIDREGION-JPN-HR) * Chubu (GRIDREGION-JPN-CB) * Hokkaido (GRIDREGION-JPN-HK) * Kansai (GRIDREGION-JPN-KA) * Chugoku (GRIDREGION-JPN-CG) * Tokyo (GRIDREGION-JPN-TK) * Okinawa (GRIDREGION-JPN-OK) * Tohoku (GRIDREGION-JPN-TH) * Kyushu (GRIDREGION-JPN-KY) * Temporal resolution: * Low resolution (24-hourly and yearly) - 1 Timeslice * Medium resolution (3-hourly and 3-monthly) - 32 Timeslices # Data sourcing table | **Input variable** | **Data source** | **Data standard** | | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------- | | Demand profiles - current | Japanese TSO data, scraped from individual TSO data portals via [OCCTO](https://occtonet3.occto.or.jp/public/dfw/RP11/OCCTO/SD/LOGIN_login#) | Gold | | Demand profiles - future | Current demand profiles, combined with OCCTO & METI Strategic Plans ([2021](https://www.occto.or.jp/iinkai/masutapuran/2021/files/masuta_chukan.pdf) and [2023](https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/enecho/denryoku_gas/saisei_kano/pdf/049_s03_00.pdf)) | Silver | | Annual demand - current | Japanese TSO data, scraped from individual TSO data portals via [OCCTO](https://occtonet3.occto.or.jp/public/dfw/RP11/OCCTO/SD/LOGIN_login#) | Gold | | Annual demand - future | Current demand profiles, combined with OCCTO & METI Strategic Plans ([2021](https://www.occto.or.jp/iinkai/masutapuran/2021/files/masuta_chukan.pdf) and [2023](https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/enecho/denryoku_gas/saisei_kano/pdf/049_s03_00.pdf)) | Silver | | Renewable profiles - current | In-house TransitionZero calculation, derived from [TSO data](https://occtonet3.occto.or.jp/public/dfw/RP11/OCCTO/SD/LOGIN_login#) | Silver | | Renewable profiles - future | In-house TransitionZero calculation, derived from [TSO data](https://occtonet3.occto.or.jp/public/dfw/RP11/OCCTO/SD/LOGIN_login#) | Silver | | Renewable potentials | Ministry of Enviroment, [Renewables Potential Survey](https://repos.env.go.jp/web/dat/report/r02/r02_whole.pdf) | Gold | | Technology costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Technology costs - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - current | [Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Electricity Generation Cost Report](https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/committee/council/basic_policy_subcommittee/2024/067/067_009.pdf) | Gold | | Commodity costs - future | [Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Electricity Generation Cost Report](https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/committee/council/basic_policy_subcommittee/2024/067/067_009.pdf) | Silver | | Domestic interconnector capacity data - current | OCCTO & METI Strategic Plans ([2021](https://www.occto.or.jp/iinkai/masutapuran/2021/files/masuta_chukan.pdf) and [2023](https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/enecho/denryoku_gas/saisei_kano/pdf/049_s03_00.pdf)) | Gold | | Domestic interconnector capacity data - future | OCCTO & METI Strategic Plans ([2021](https://www.occto.or.jp/iinkai/masutapuran/2021/files/masuta_chukan.pdf) and [2023](https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/enecho/denryoku_gas/saisei_kano/pdf/049_s03_00.pdf)) | Silver | | Electricity cross border trade cost - current | n/a - no cross border trade | | | Electricity cross border trade cost - future | n/a - no cross border trade | | | Efficiency / Losses | Default, technology-specific | Silver | | Minimum generation level | Default, technology-specific | Silver | | Planned outages / Availability | Default, technology-specific | Silver | | Discount rate | 3% - as assumed by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry | Gold | | WACC | 3% - as assumed by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry | Gold | | Power plant data (location, capacity, fuel, technology, start year, end year) | Biomass - [FIT portal](https://www.fit-portal.go.jp/)
Coal - [Global Energy Monitor](https://globalenergymonitor.org/) cross-referenced with [OCCTO annual report](https://www.occto.or.jp/en/information_disclosure/annual_report/2024_annualreport_241210.html) data
Gas - [Global Energy Monitor](https://globalenergymonitor.org/)
Geothermal - [Global Energy Monitor](https://globalenergymonitor.org/) cross-referenced with [Japanese Geothermal Association](https://www.chinetsukyokai.com/)
Hydropower pumped storage - [Global Energy Monitor](https://globalenergymonitor.org/) cross-referenced with [HJKS](https://hjks.jepx.or.jp/hjks/)
Hydropower reservoir and run of river - [OCCTO FY24 Annual Report](https://www.occto.or.jp/en/information_disclosure/annual_report/2024_annualreport_241210.html)
Nuclear - [Japan Atomic Industrial Forum](https://www.jaif.or.jp/cms_admin/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/jp-npps-operation20250314_en.pdf)
Oil - [Global Energy Monitor](https://globalenergymonitor.org/) cross-referenced with [HJKS](https://hjks.jepx.or.jp/hjks/)
Solar - [FIT portal](https://www.fit-portal.go.jp/) cross-referenced with [OCCTO FY24 Annual Report](https://www.fit-portal.go.jp/)
Battery storage - Long Term Decarbonisation Auction results, published by [OCCTO](https://www.occto.or.jp/)
Wind offshore - [FIT portal](https://www.fit-portal.go.jp/) cross-referenced with [Japanese Wind Power Association](https://jwpa.jp/en/information/11074/)
Wind onshore - [FIT portal](https://jwpa.jp/en/information/11074/) cross-referenced with [Japanese Wind Power Association](https://jwpa.jp/en/information/11074/) | Gold | # Laos Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/countries/laos This section provides specific details about Scenario Builder's model of Laos. # Changelog Laos dispatch model added to Scenario Builder Laos 1-node model added to Scenario Builder # Model scope ## Capacity Expansion * Base year: 2023 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: National (1 node only) * Temporal resolution: * Low resolution (24-hourly and yearly) - 1 timeslice * Medium resolution (3-hourly and 3-monthly) - 32 timeslices ## Dispatch * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Temporal resolution: * High resolution (hourly and single year) - 8760 timesteps * Available for single years between 2023-2050 # Data sourcing table | Input variable | Data source | Data standard | | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------ | | Demand profiles - current | Shape of the demand at the national-level synthetically generated from a historical year (2015) | Silver | | Demand profiles - future | Shape of the demand profile does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Annual demand - current | [Historical electricity system demand (EDL Statistic Yearbook 2023)](https://edl.com.la/statistic#) | Gold | | Annual demand - future | TransitionZero in-house estimates | Bronze | | Renewable profiles - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Renewable profiles - future | Shape of the renewable profiles does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Renewable potentials | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Bronze | | Technology costs - current | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Technology costs - future | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Electricity cross border trade cost - current | Estimated cost based on the [approved import cost](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/10/11/vietnam-approves-price-framework-for-renewable-imports-from-laos/) to the neigboring country and marginal cost of neighboring countries exporting electricity to/from Lao based on [TZ APG study](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Electricity cross border trade cost - future | Estimated cost based on the [approved import cost](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/10/11/vietnam-approves-price-framework-for-renewable-imports-from-laos/) to the neigboring country and marginal cost of neighboring countries exporting electricity to/from Lao based on [TZ APG study](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Efficiency / Losses | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Minimum generation level | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation levels, and then linearly reduced to zero by 2035 | Bronze | | Planned outages / Availability | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation, and [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | Bronze | | Discount rate | Default (5%) | Bronze | | Reserve margin | Default (20%) | Bronze | | WACC | IEA Cost of Capital Observatory | Bronze | | Power plant data (location, capacity, fuel, technology, start year, end year) | Data served as initial and planned capacities from 2023 to 2050. This data is curated and validated by TransitionZero. See the following: [Houay Ho Power Company](https://www.houayho.com/en), [Xe Pian Xe Namnoy Power Company](https://www.pnpclaos.com/index.php/en/), [Nam Ngiep 1 Power Company](https://namngiep1.com/), [Nam Theun 1 Hydropower Company](https://www.nt1pc.com/) | Gold | # Malaysia Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/countries/malaysia This section provides specific details about Scenario Builder's model of Malaysia. # Changelog Support for Malaysia dispatch scenarios Malaysia 1-node and 3-node model added to Scenario Builder # Model scope ## Capacity Expansion * Base year: 2023 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Regional (3-nodes): * Sabah (GRIDREGION-MYS-SH) * Peninsular (GRIDREGION-MYS-PE) * Sarawak (GRIDREGION-MYS-SK) * Temporal resolution: * Low resolution (24-hourly and yearly) - 1 Timeslice * Medium resolution (3-hourly and 3-monthly) - 32 Timeslices ## Dispatch * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Regional (3-nodes): * Sabah (GRIDREGION-MYS-SH) * Peninsular (GRIDREGION-MYS-PE) * Sarawak (GRIDREGION-MYS-SK) * Temporal resolution: * High resolution (hourly and single year) - 8760 timesteps * Available for single years between 2023-2050 # Data sourcing table | Input variable | Data source | Data standard | | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------ | | Demand profiles - current | Shape of the demand at the national-level synthetically generated from a historical year of 2023 ([https://www.gso.org.my/SystemData/SystemDemand.aspx/](https://www.gso.org.my/SystemData/SystemDemand.aspx/)). Regional demand profiles follow national shape. | Silver | | Demand profiles - future | Shape of the demand profile does not change in the future. Regional demand profiles follow national shape. | Bronze | | Annual demand - current | Tenaga Nasional Berhad, [Sarawak Energy Berhad](https://www.sarawakenergy.com/investors/annual-and-sustainability-reports/annual-reports), [Malaysia Energy Commission](https://myenergystats.st.gov.my/dashboard) | Gold | | Annual demand - future | TransitionZero in-house estimates | Bronze | | Solar and hydropower profile - current | Historical profile in 2023 ([https://www.gso.org.my/SystemData/SystemDemand.aspx/](https://www.gso.org.my/SystemData/SystemDemand.aspx/)) and TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Gold | | Solar and hydropower profile - future | Shape of the profiles does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Other renewable profiles - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Other renewable profiles - future | Shape of the profiles does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Renewable potentials | Malaysia Renewable Energy Roadmap ([https://www.seda.gov.my/reportal/myrer/](https://www.seda.gov.my/reportal/myrer/)) | Bronze | | Technology costs - current | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Technology costs - future | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - current | Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Sarawak Energy Berhah and TransitionZero in-house estimates | Silver | | Commodity costs - future | TransitionZero in-house estimates, [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf) | Silver | | Domestic interconnector capacity data - current | [Global Transmission Database](https://zenodo.org/records/10870602) | Silver | | Domestic interconnector capacity data - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Electricity cross border trade cost - current | Marginal cost of neighboring countries exporting electricity to Malaysia based on [TZ APG study](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Electricity cross border trade cost - future | Marginal cost of neighboring countries exporting electricity to Malaysia based on [TZ APG study](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Efficiency / Losses | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Minimum generation level | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation levels, and then linearly reduced to zero by 2035 | Bronze | | Planned outages / Availability | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation, and [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | Bronze | | Discount rate | Default (5%) | Bronze | | Reserve margin | Default (20%) | Bronze | | WACC | IEA Cost of Capital Observatory | Bronze | | Power plant data (location, capacity, fuel, technology, start year, end year) | Data served as initial and planned capacities from 2023 to 2050. This data is curated and validated by TransitionZero. The base dataset is from Global Energy Monitor with enhancements from "additional asset sources". See the following: [Advancecon](https://www.cloudcapsule.cc/360client/advancecon/data/ADVCON-250528-NR-EN-Q1FY2025-Final.pdf), [BayWare](https://asia.baywa-re.com/en/cases-in-apac/gebeng), [Bernama](https://www.bernama.com/en/),[Coara Solar](https://www.coarasolar.com/coara-marang-solar-plant/) , [Cypark Resources](https://cypark.listedcompany.com/newsroom/Press_Release_-_Cypark_Achieves_COD_for_Danau_Tok_Uban_2_of_the_Largest_Floating_Solar_Farm_in_Malaysia_20250107.pdf), [Daily Express](https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/229897/jetama-symbior-solar-pv-power-sdn-bhd-starts-commercial-operation-of-10-mwac-solar-plant-in-labuan/), [Edra Energy](https://www.edra.energy/malaysia), [EETech News blog](https://eetechnews.blogspot.com/2019/10/kmb-5-mwp-solar-farm.html), [Engie](https://www.engie-sea.com/news-inner/ENGIE-Kerian-Solar-LSS3-Malaysia), [EPIC Group](https://www.epicgroup.com.my/subsidiaries/epic-solar.php), [Free Malaysia Today](https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/highlight/2024/08/30/nur-power-launches-new-open-cycle-gas-turbine-power-station-at-khtp), [Gading Kencana](https://www.gadingkencana.com.my/), [GE Vernova](https://www.gevernova.com/news/press-releases/powered-ge-vernova-ha-gas-turbine-pulau-indah-power-plant-starts), [Gopeng Berhad](https://gopeng.com.my/gb-annual-report-2024/), [Hanwha Energy](https://hec.hanwha.co.kr/eng/enCompany.do), [ib vogt](https://www.ibvogt.com/), [Info Stock Daily](https://www.infostockdaily.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=119694), [Ipoh Echo](https://www.ipohecho.com.my/2024/04/17/the-construction-of-the-kerian-solar-farm-aligns-with-the-progress-of-the-perak-sejahtera-plan-2030/), [Jaks Resources](https://www.insage.com.my/Upload/Docs/JAKS/JAKS_Annual%20Report%202024.pdf#view=Full\&pagemode=bookmarks), [Kapar Energy](https://kaparenergy.com.my/generating-facility/), [LBS Bina](https://lbs.com.my/media/press-releases/lbs-bina-expands-into-renewable-energy-awarding-solarvest-with-rm104-million-cgpp-epcc-contract/), [Leader Energy](https://www.leaderenergy.com/), [Malakoff Corporation](https://ir2.chartnexus.com/), [Malaysia Energy Commission](https://www.st.gov.my/), [Malaysia Green Attribute Trading System](https://www.mgats.com.my/re-plants), [Malaysia Grid System Operator](https://www.gso.org.my/SystemData/PowerStation.aspx), [Malaysian Solar](https://malaysiansolar.com/projects/), [MARC Ratings](https://esumber.my/), [Minetec](https://www.insage.com.my/Upload/Docs/MINETEC/MINETEC-AR2024.pdf#view=Full\&pagemode=bookmarks), [Mitsubishi Heavy Industries](https://www.mhi.com/news/240805.html), [Mudajaya](https://www.mudajaya.com/concession-assets/), [New Straits Times](https://www.nst.com.my/), [Nextenaga](https://www.nextenaga.com/), [North Consulting Engineering](https://northconsultengineering.com/project-reference/owner-engineer/), [NuEnergy](https://ilb.com.my/nuenergy-solar/), [Nur Power](https://www.nur.com.my/), [Petronas](https://www.petronas.com/flow/technology/pengerang-integrated-complex), [PLB Engineering](https://plb.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/ar2019.pdf),[Power Technology](https://www.power-technology.com/data-insights/power-plant-profile-bintulu-combined-cycle-power-plant-malaysia/) ,[RAM Ratings](https://www.ram.com.my/) , [Ranhill Corporation](https://ranhill.com.my/), [Reneuco](https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e0d9afcf6901c542d0a8c5b/t/65c599daa7a3934c9389ce8f/1707448822428/Reneuco_Annual+Report+2023.pdf), [Renewables Now](https://renewablesnow.com/), [ReNIKOLA](https://renikola.com/assets/files/website-reNIKOLASukukII-SukukAllocationReport.pdf), [Sabah Energy Commission](https://ecos.gov.my/sites/default/files/uploads/downloads/2023-09/SABAH%20ENERGY%20ROADMAP%20AND%20MASTER%20PLAN%202040%20%28SE-RAMP%202040%29.pdf), [Sarawak Energy](https://www.sarawakenergy.com/), [Sarawak Tribune](https://www.sarawaktribune.com/50mw-floating-solar-farm-energises-the-grid/), [Scatec Solar](https://scatec.com/2020/10/06/scatec-solars-47-mw-redsol-project-has-started-commercial-operation/), [SolarQuarter](https://solarquarter.com/), [Solarvest](https://solarvest.com/), [SPR Energy](https://www.spre.com.my/projects.php), [Sunway Construction](https://stories.sunway.com.my/), [Tan Chong Motor](https://www.tanchonggroup.com/tan-chong-group-unveils-inaugural-floating-large-scale-solar-photovoltaic-plant-offering-green-renewable-energy/), [Tenaga Nasional Berhad](https://www.tnb.com.my/),[The Borneo Post](https://www.tnb.com.my/) , [The Edge Malaysia](https://theedgemalaysia.com/), [The Malaysian Reserve](https://themalaysianreserve.com/2025/03/19/eden-enters-21-year-ppa-with-tnb/), [The Star](https://www.thestar.com.my/), [TNB Genco](https://tnbgenco.com.my/portfolio/), [UITM](https://solar.uitm.edu.my/uitm-solar-farms/), [Uzma](https://ir2.chartnexus.com/uzma/docs/ar/ar2024.pdf), [Uzma Group](https://uzmagroup.com/press-release/uzma-achieves-cod-for-its-50mwac-large-scale-solar-plant/) | Gold | # The Maldives Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/countries/maldives This section provides specific details about Scenario Builder's model of the Maldives. # Changelog The Maldives 1-node and 3-node models added to Scenario Builder # Model scope * Base year: 2024 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: Regionalised (3 nodes) * Greater Male' Region (ML) * Other inhabited islands (OT) * Resorts/industrial/agricultural islands (RI) * Temporal resolution: * Low resolution (24-hourly and yearly) - 1 Timeslice * Medium resolution (3-hourly and 3-monthly) - 32 Timeslices # Data sourcing table | **Input variable** | **Data source** | **Data standard** | | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------- | | Demand profiles - current | Profile is generated using a profile from a proxy country (Indonesia) | Bronze | | Demand profiles - future | Shape of the demand profile does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Annual demand - **current** | Annual data from [Roadmap for the Energy Sector 2024-2033](https://www.environment.gov.mv/v2/wp-content/files/publications/20241107-pub-energy-roadmap-maldives-2024-2033-.pdf) zoned location in the highest resolution. Available for base year (2024) | Gold | | Annual demand - **future** | Annual data from [Roadmap for the Energy Sector 2024-2033](https://www.environment.gov.mv/v2/wp-content/files/publications/20241107-pub-energy-roadmap-maldives-2024-2033-.pdf) zoned location in the highest resolution. Available for base year (2024) | Gold | | Renewable profiles | [renewables.ninja](http://renewables.ninja) | Bronze | | Renewable potentials | [REZoning](https://rezoning.energydata.info/) | Bronze | | Power plant data - **current** (location, capacity, fuel, technology, start year, end year) | Top-down data at the regional level from [Roadmap for the Energy Sector 2024-2033](https://www.environment.gov.mv/v2/wp-content/files/publications/20241107-pub-energy-roadmap-maldives-2024-2033-.pdf) | Silver | | Power plant data - future | Top-down data at the regional level from [Roadmap for the Energy Sector 2024-2033](https://www.environment.gov.mv/v2/wp-content/files/publications/20241107-pub-energy-roadmap-maldives-2024-2033-.pdf) | Silver | | Technology costs - **current** | [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | Bronze | | Technology costs - **future** | [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | Bronze | | Commodity costs - **current** | Cost of electricity generation by power plant type from [Roadmap for the Energy Sector 2024-2033](https://www.environment.gov.mv/v2/wp-content/files/publications/20241107-pub-energy-roadmap-maldives-2024-2033-.pdf) | Gold | | Commodity costs - **future** | Commodity costs assumed to stay constant | Bronze | | Fuel reserves | \[N/A] | \[N/A] | | Fuel processing capacity - **current** | \[N/A] | \[N/A] | | Emissions targets | \[N/A] | \[N/A] | | RE targets | [Roadmap for the Energy Sector 2024-2033](https://www.environment.gov.mv/v2/wp-content/files/publications/20241107-pub-energy-roadmap-maldives-2024-2033-.pdf) (33% by 2028) | Gold | | Energy efficiency targets | \[N/A] | \[N/A] | | Interconnector data - current (location, capacity, technology, start year, end year) | \[N/A] | \[N/A] | | Interconnector data - future | \[N/A] | \[N/A] | | Efficiency / Losses | [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | Bronze | | Minimum generation level | Default, technology-specific | Bronze | | Planned outages / Availability | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation, and [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | Bronze | | Discount rate | Default (5%) | Bronze | | WACC | IEA Cost of Capital Observatory | Bronze | # Myanmar Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/countries/myanmar This section provides specific details about Scenario Builder's model of Myanmar. # Changelog Support for Myanmar dispatch scenarios Myanmar 1-node model added to Scenario Builder # Model scope ## Capacity Expansion * Base year: 2023 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: National (1 node only) * Temporal resolution: * Low resolution (24-hourly and yearly) - 1 timeslice * Medium resolution (3-hourly and 3-monthly) - 32 timeslices ## Dispatch * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Temporal resolution: * High resolution (hourly and single year) - 8760 timesteps * Available for single years between 2023-2050 # Data sourcing table | Input variable | Data source | Data standard | | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------ | | Demand profiles - current | Shape of the demand at the national-level synthetically generated from a historical year (2015) | Silver | | Demand profiles - future | Shape of the demand profile does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Annual demand - current | TransitionZero in-house estimates | Gold | | Annual demand - future | TransitionZero in-house estimates | Bronze | | Renewable profiles - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Renewable profiles - future | Shape of the renewable profiles does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Renewable potentials | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Bronze | | Technology costs - current | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Technology costs - future | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Electricity cross border trade cost - current | Marginal cost of neighboring countries exporting electricity to/from Myanmar based on [TZ APG study](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Electricity cross border trade cost - future | Marginal cost of neighboring countries exporting electricity to/from Myanmar based on [TZ APG study](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Efficiency / Losses | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Minimum generation level | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation levels, and then linearly reduced to zero by 2035 | Bronze | | Planned outages / Availability | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation, and [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | Bronze | | Discount rate | Default (5%) | Bronze | | Reserve margin | Default (20%) | Bronze | | WACC | IEA Cost of Capital Observatory | Bronze | | Power plant data (location, capacity, fuel, technology, start year, end year) | Data served as initial and planned capacities from 2023 to 2050. This data is curated and validated by TransitionZero. See the following: [China Daily](https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/hubei/gezhouba/2010-10/27/content_17176656.htm), [China National Machinery Industry Corporation](https://www.sinomach.com.cn/en/MediaCenter/News/201412/t20141209_21981.html), [ChinaAid](https://china.aiddata.org/projects/34119/), [ERIA Research Project Report FY2021 No. 10](https://www.eria.org/uploads/media/Research-Project-Report/RPR-2021-10/09_Chapter-2-Coal-in-the-Seven-EAS-Countries.pdf), [GE Vernova](https://www.gevernova.com/gas-power/resources/case-studies/rotor-life-management-for-myanmar-lng-energy-project), [IFC Baseline Assessment Report Hydropower](https://www.ifc.org/content/dam/ifc/doc/mgrt/chapter-2-sea-baseline-assessment-hydropower.pdf), [Myanmar Insider Newspaper](https://www.myanmarinsider.com/mitsui-participate-in-max-power-thaketa-project-in-myanmar/), [Myanmar Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation](https://nrec.mn/data/uploads/Nom%20setguul%20xicheel/Water/badrakh%20china/Myanmar.pdf), [Myanmar Ministry of Electric Power](https://moep.gov.mm/), [Myanmar Ministry of Information](https://www.moi.gov.mm/moi:eng/news/9098), [Offshore Magazine](https://www.offshore-mag.com/field-development/article/14195746/pttep-to-manage-myanmar-power-development), [Power Technology](https://www.power-technology.com/data-insights/power-plant-profile-chipwi-nge-myanmar/), [PowerChina](https://en.powerchina.cn/), [Renewable Energy Magazine](https://www.renewableenergymagazine.com/pv_solar/green-power-energy-solar-energy-plant-commissioned-20221230), [Renewable Energy World](https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/energy-business/new-project-development/myanmar-s-140-mw-upper-paunglaung-hydroelectric-plant-officially-opened/), [Sembcorp](https://www.sembcorpmyingyanipp.com/project-milestones.html), [Sumitomo](https://www.sumitomocorp.com/en/jp/news/release/2020/group/13600), [TTCL Power Myanmar](https://www.ttcl.com/en/updates/company-activities/268/signing-ceremony-of-ppa-for-ahlone-lng-to-power-project), [UNFCCC](https://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/JCI1350363892.83/view?cp=1), [UPP Holdings](https://www.avarga.com.sg/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/uppar2014-1.pdf), [World Bank Documents](https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/webdocs), [Myanmar Energy Sector Update June 2024](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/), [Xinhuanet](http://www.xinhuanet.com/), [Yonden](https://www.yonden.co.jp/english/profile/international_business/projects/06.html) | Gold | # Country models Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/countries/overview Browse the power system models available in Scenario Builder, by country and region. Scenario Builder provides calibrated, ready-to-run power system models for the countries and regions below. Each card shows the model types available and the spatial resolution on offer. Select a model to see its scope, data sources, and data standards. Models marked **Uncalibrated** are early releases that have not yet been through TransitionZero's [model calibration standard](/methodology/model-calibration) — their results have not been checked against historical data, so use them for exploratory analysis only. Capacity Expansion · Dispatch · National and 7-node regional National and 3-node regional National and 2-node regional Capacity Expansion · Dispatch · National (single node) Capacity Expansion · Dispatch · National (single node) Capacity Expansion · Dispatch · National (single node) Capacity Expansion · Dispatch · National (single node) Capacity Expansion · Dispatch · National (single node) Capacity Expansion · Dispatch · National and 3-node regional Capacity Expansion · Dispatch · National and 3-node regional Capacity Expansion · Dispatch · National and 3-node regional Capacity Expansion · Dispatch · National and 3-node regional National and 10-node regional Capacity Expansion · Dispatch · National (single node) Capacity Expansion · Dispatch · National and 5-node regional Capacity Expansion · Dispatch · National and 9-node regional Capacity Expansion · Dispatch · National (single node) · Uncalibrated Capacity Expansion · 6-node regional · Uncalibrated Capacity Expansion · Dispatch · 10-node and 25-node regional # Pakistan Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/countries/pakistan This section provides specific details about Scenario Builder's model of Pakistan. The Pakistan regional model is **uncalibrated**. It has not been through TransitionZero's [model calibration standard](/methodology/model-calibration), so results have not been checked against historical capacities, generation, emissions, or trade. Use it for exploratory analysis out of the box, and calibrate it for modelling work. # Changelog Committed assets are now included in the Pakistan regional model. Committed assets include all assets that are under construction and have a clear date of commissioning or start date. The installed capacity of these assets is set to zero since they are not built before the model start year. See [future assets](/methodology/future-assets) for details on how committed assets are treated in the model. The Pakistan 3-node model (K-Electric, South, North-Central) has been added. Note that the 3-node structure is a regional aggregation used in the results plots and the underlying model still runs at the individual asset/plant level. Users can drill into these asset-level results via the downloadable CSV file. Support for Pakistan dispatch scenarios Pakistan 1-node model added to Scenario Builder # Model scope ## Capacity Expansion * Base year: 2023 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Regional (3-nodes): * North-Central (GRIDREGION-PAK-NC) * South (GRIDREGION-PAK-SO) * K-Electric (GRIDREGION-PAK-KE) * Temporal resolution: * Low resolution (24-hourly and yearly) - 1 timeslice * Medium resolution (3-hourly and 3-monthly) - 32 timeslices ## Dispatch * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Regional (3-nodes): * North-Central (GRIDREGION-PAK-NC) * South (GRIDREGION-PAK-SO) * K-Electric (GRIDREGION-PAK-KE) * Temporal resolution: * High resolution (hourly and single year) - 8760 timesteps * Available for single years between 2023-2050 # Data sourcing table | **Input variable** | **Spatial resolution** | **Data source** | **Data standard** | | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :--------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------- | | Demand profiles - current | National | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/cables-to-change-the-world](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/cables-to-change-the-world)) | Silver | | | Regional | Renewables First | Gold | | Demand profiles - future | National | Shape of the demand profile does not change in the future. | Bronze | | | Regional | Renewables First. Profiles beyond 2044 follow 2044 values | Silver | | Annual demand - current | National | Indicative Generation Capacity Expansion Plan 2024-2034 of NTDC | Gold | | | Regional | Renewables First for 2024-2025. Annual demand in 2023 is calculated based on historical CAGR. | Gold | | Annual demand - future | National | Indicative Generation Capacity Expansion Plan 2024-2034 of NTDC (low scenario) | Gold | | | Regional | Renewables First for 2026-2044. Annual demand beyond 2044 is calculated based on historical CAGR. | Gold | | Renewable profiles - current | National | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/cables-to-change-the-world](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/cables-to-change-the-world)) and Indicative Generation Capacity Expansion Plan 2024-2034 of NTDC | Silver | | | Regional | National values scaled by annual capacity factor per plant, reported by IGCEP 2024-2034 | Silver | | Renewable profiles - future | All | Shape of the renewable profiles does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Renewable potentials | National | TransitionZero in-house methodology based on [https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/cables-to-change-the-world](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/cables-to-change-the-world), [Chu and Hawkes (2020)](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360544219323254?via%3Dihub), and [Khan et al (2022)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34990677/) | Silver | | | Regional | Existing assets have their potential fixed at their installed capacity (non-expandable). Any new capacity is represented by generic assets, whose potential is calculated following [TransitionZero in-house methodology](/methodology/future-assets) | Silver | | Technology costs - current | National | [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/data) | Bronze | | | Regional | CAPEX is from [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/data). FOM for most assets is from Renewables First, while FOM for hydropower, solar PV, and onshore wind is from NREL (chosen based on category, e.g. by capacity, resource quality, or capacity factor). VOM for gas- and coal-fueled assets is from Renewables First. | Silver | | Technology costs - future | National | [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/data) | Bronze | | | Regional | CAPEX is from [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/data). FOM for most assets is from Renewables First, while FOM for hydropower, solar PV, and onshore wind is from NREL (chosen based on category, e.g. by capacity, resource quality, or capacity factor). VOM for gas- and coal-fueled assets is from Renewables First. | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - current | All | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/cables-to-change-the-world](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/cables-to-change-the-world)) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - future | All | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/cables-to-change-the-world](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/cables-to-change-the-world)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - current | National | Indicative Generation Capacity Expansion Plan 2024-2034 of NTDC, [NEPRA coal price 2024](https://nepra.org.pk/tariff/Tariff/Notifications/2024/12%20Dec/SRO%202230%28I%29-2024%20Dated%2010-12-2024.pdf), [Pakistan Energy Market Review 2025 of Renewable First](https://uploads.renewablesfirst.org/Pakistan%20Energy%20Market%20review%202025%201.pdf) | Gold | | | Regional | Renewables First | Gold | | Commodity costs - future | National | Indicative Generation Capacity Expansion Plan 2024-2034 of NTDC, [NEPRA coal price 2024](https://nepra.org.pk/tariff/Tariff/Notifications/2024/12%20Dec/SRO%202230%28I%29-2024%20Dated%2010-12-2024.pdf), [Pakistan Energy Market Review 2025 of Renewable First](https://uploads.renewablesfirst.org/Pakistan%20Energy%20Market%20review%202025%201.pdf), [gas price in Commodity Insight of S\&P Global](https://www.spglobal.com/commodity-insights/en/news-research/latest-news/lng/021624-pakistan-raises-domestic-natural-gas-prices-for-second-time-in-four-months) | Silver | | | Regional | Future commodity costs are held constant over time | Silver | | Electricity cross border trade cost - current | All | Assumed to match the [electricity sale agreement](https://www.brecorder.com/news/40340867/iran-pakistan-agree-to-extend-electricity-sale-agreement) with the neighbouring country | Silver | | Electricity cross border trade cost - future | All | Assumed to match the [electricity sale agreement](https://www.brecorder.com/news/40340867/iran-pakistan-agree-to-extend-electricity-sale-agreement) with the neighbouring country | Silver | | Efficiency / Losses | National | [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/data) | Bronze | | | Regional | Renewables First for almost all assets. Generic assets and assets fueled by biomass follow [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/data) | Bronze | | Minimum generation level | National | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation levels, and then linearly reduced to zero by 2035 | Bronze | | | Regional | Following values from national resolution | Bronze | | Planned outages / Availability | National | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation levels, and [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/data) | Bronze | | | Regional | Following values from national resolution | Bronze | | Discount rate | All | 5% | Bronze | | WACC | All | 11% | Bronze | | Reserve margin | All | 12% | Bronze | | Power plant data (location, capacity, fuel, technology, start year, end year) | National | Data served as initial and planned capacities from 2023 to 2050. This data is curated and validated by TransitionZero. The base dataset is from Global Energy Monitor with enhancements from "additional asset sources". See the following: [IGCEP 2024-2034 Report](https://nepra.org.pk/Admission%20Notices/2024/05%20May/IGCEP%202024-34%20Report.pdf). | Silver | | | Regional | Renewables First | Gold | # The Philippines Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/countries/philippines This section provides specific details about Scenario Builder's model of the Philippines. # Changelog Support for The Philippines dispatch scenarios The Philippines 1-node and 3-node model added to Scenario Builder # Model scope ## Capacity Expansion * Base year: 2023 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Regional (3-nodes): * Luzon (GRIDREGION-PHL-LU) * Visayas (GRIDREGION-PHL-VI) * Mindanao (GRIDREGION-PHL-MI) * Temporal resolution: * Low resolution (24-hourly and yearly) - 1 Timeslice * Medium resolution (3-hourly and 3-monthly) - 32 Timeslices ## Dispatch * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Regional (3-nodes): * Luzon (GRIDREGION-PHL-LU) * Visayas (GRIDREGION-PHL-VI) * Mindanao (GRIDREGION-PHL-MI) * Temporal resolution: * High resolution (hourly and single year) - 8760 timesteps * Available for single years between 2023-2050 # Data sourcing table | Input variable | Data source | Data standard | | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------ | | Demand profiles - current | [IEMOP ](https://www.iemop.ph/)(load profile from 2023) | Gold | | Demand profiles - future | Same profile assumed for all future years | Bronze | | Annual demand - current | [IEMOP](https://www.iemop.ph/) | Gold | | Annual demand - future | [Philippines Power Development Plan](https://legacy.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/electric_power/development_plans/Power%20Development%20Plan%202023-2050.pdf), [Transition Zero in-house methodology](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Renewable profiles - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Renewable profiles - future | Shape of the renewable profiles does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Renewable potentials | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Bronze | | Technology costs - current | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Technology costs - future | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Domestic interconnector capacity data - current | [Global Transmission Database](https://zenodo.org/records/10870602), [NGCP](https://www.ngcp.ph/) | Silver | | Domestic interconnector capacity data - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Ramp up and ramp down | Default, technology-specific | Bronze | | Efficiency / Losses | [Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Indonesia](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf) | Gold | | Minimum generation level | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation levels, and then linearly reduced to zero by 2035 | Bronze | | Planned outages / Availability | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation, and [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | Bronze | | Discount rate | Default (5%) | Bronze | | Reserve margin | Default (20%) | Bronze | | WACC | IEA Cost of Capital Observatory | Bronze | | Power plant data (location, capacity, fuel, technology, start year, end year) | Data served as initial and planned capacities from 2023 to 2050. This data is curated and validated by TransitionZero. The base dataset is from Global Energy Monitor with enhancements from "additional asset sources". See the following:
[Aboitiz Power](https://aboitizpower.com/static-assets/uploads/pdf/ap-clarificatory-letter-to-pdex-07.24.25-aboitiz-cleared-to-run-137-mw-solar-project.pdf), [Aboitiz Power Corporation](https://edge.pse.com.ph/openDiscViewer.do?edge_no=8a139a490a78853aec6e1601ccee8f59#:~:text=SN%20Aboitiz%20Power%20Group%20\(SNAP,to%20be%20completed%20by%202026.), [Business World](https://www.bworldonline.com/corporate/2025/07/30/688343/yuchengco-firms-solar-project-cleared-for-august-launch/), [Department of Energy](https://legacy.doe.gov.ph/), [Department of Environment and Natural Resources](https://eia.emb.gov.ph/), [Energy Development Corporation](https://www.energy.com.ph/edc-takes-over-mindanao-geothermal-power-plants/#:~:text=The%20Unified%20Leyte%20plants%20consist,Philippines'%20Green%20Energy%20Option%20Program.), [Raslag Corp.](https://www.facebook.com/RaslagCorp/posts/launched-on-june-5-2025-at-the-raslag-4-solar-power-plant-in-magalang-pampanga-r/745955021288132/) | Gold | # Samoa Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/countries/samoa This section provides specific details about Scenario Builder's model of Samoa. # Changelog Samoa 1-node and 2-node models added to Scenario Builder # Model scope * Base year: 2024 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: Regionalised (2 nodes) * Upolu (UP) * Savai’i (SA) * Temporal resolution: * Low resolution (24-hourly and yearly) - 1 Timeslice * Medium resolution (3-hourly and 3-monthly) - 32 Timeslices # Data sourcing table | **Input variable** | **Data source** | **Data standard** | | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------- | | Demand profiles - current | Profile is generated using a profile from a proxy country (Indonesia). | Bronze | | Demand profiles - future | Shape of the demand profile does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Annual demand - **current** | Annual data from [Samoa Energy Sector Plan FY2023/24-FY2027/28](https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/67a155f272e2c5aeb2caf892/67f728e7cacda1d4c3bdb90a_Samoa-Energy-Sector-Plan.pdf) zoned location in the highest resolution. Available for base year (2024) | Gold | | Annual demand - **future** | Annual data from [Samoa Energy Sector Plan FY2023/24-FY2027/28](https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/67a155f272e2c5aeb2caf892/67f728e7cacda1d4c3bdb90a_Samoa-Energy-Sector-Plan.pdf) zoned location in the highest resolution. Available for base year (2024) | Gold | | Renewable profiles | [renewables.ninja](http://renewables.ninja) | Bronze | | Renewable potentials | [REZoning](https://rezoning.energydata.info/) | Bronze | | Power plant data - **current** (location, capacity, fuel, technology, start year, end year) | Top-down data at the regional level from [Samoa Energy Sector Plan FY2023/24-FY2027/28](https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/67a155f272e2c5aeb2caf892/67f728e7cacda1d4c3bdb90a_Samoa-Energy-Sector-Plan.pdf) | Silver | | Power plant data - future | Top-down data at the regional level from [Samoa Energy Sector Plan FY2023/24-FY2027/28](https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/67a155f272e2c5aeb2caf892/67f728e7cacda1d4c3bdb90a_Samoa-Energy-Sector-Plan.pdf) | Silver | | Technology costs - **current** | [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | Bronze | | Technology costs - **future** | [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | Bronze | | Commodity costs - **current** | Cost of electricity generation by power plant type from [Samoa Energy Sector Plan FY2023/24-FY2027/28](https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/67a155f272e2c5aeb2caf892/67f728e7cacda1d4c3bdb90a_Samoa-Energy-Sector-Plan.pdf) | Gold | | Commodity costs - **future** | Constant prices | Bronze | | Fuel reserves | \[N/A] | \[N/A] | | Fuel processing capacity - **current** | \[N/A] | \[N/A] | | Emissions targets | \[N/A] | \[N/A] | | RE targets | [Samoa Energy Sector Plan FY2023/24-FY2027/28](https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/67a155f272e2c5aeb2caf892/67f728e7cacda1d4c3bdb90a_Samoa-Energy-Sector-Plan.pdf) (70% by 2031) | Gold | | Energy efficiency targets | \[N/A] | \[N/A] | | Interconnector data - current (location, capacity, technology, start year, end year) | \[N/A] | \[N/A] | | Interconnector data - future | \[N/A] | \[N/A] | | Efficiency / Losses | [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | Bronze | | Minimum generation level | Default, technology-specific | Bronze | | Planned outages / Availability | [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | Bronze | | Discount rate | Default (5%) | Bronze | | WACC | IEA Cost of Capital Observatory | Bronze | # Singapore Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/countries/singapore This section provides specific details about Scenario Builder's model of Singapore. # Changelog Support for Singapore dispatch scenarios Singapore 1-node model added to Scenario Builder # Model scope ## Capacity Expansion * Base year: 2023 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: National (1 node only) * Temporal resolution: * Low resolution (24-hourly and yearly) - 1 timeslice * Medium resolution (3-hourly and 3-monthly) - 32 timeslices ## Dispatch * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Temporal resolution: * High resolution (hourly and single year) - 8760 timesteps * Available for single years between 2023-2050 # Data sourcing table | Input variable | Data source | Data standard | | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------ | | Demand profiles - current | Shape of the demand at the national-level synthetically generated from a historical year of 2023 ([http://nems.emcsg.com/nems-prices](http://nems.emcsg.com/nems-prices)) | Gold | | Demand profiles - future | Shape of the demand profile does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Annual demand - current | Historical electricity system demand ([http://nems.emcsg.com/nems-prices](http://nems.emcsg.com/nems-prices)) | Gold | | Annual demand - future | TransitionZero in-house estimates | Gold | | Solar profile - current | Historical solar profile in 2023 ([http://nems.emcsg.com/nems-prices](http://nems.emcsg.com/nems-prices)) | Gold | | Solar profile - future | Shape of the solar profile does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Other renewable profiles - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Other renewable profiles - future | Shape of the renewables profile does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Renewable potentials | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Bronze | | Technology costs - current | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Technology costs - future | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Electricity cross border trade cost - current | Marginal cost of neighboring countries exporting electricity to Singapore based on [TZ APG study](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Electricity cross border trade cost - future | Marginal cost of neighboring countries exporting electricity to Singapore based on [TZ APG study](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Efficiency / Losses | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Minimum generation level | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation levels, and then linearly reduced to zero by 2035 | Bronze | | Planned outages / Availability | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation, and [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | Bronze | | Discount rate | Default (5%) | Bronze | | Reserve margin | Default (20%) | Bronze | | WACC | IEA Cost of Capital Observatory | Bronze | | Power plant data (location, capacity, fuel, technology, start year, end year) | Data served as initial and planned capacities from 2023 to 2050. This data is curated and validated by TransitionZero. The base dataset is from GEM with enhancements from "additional asset sources". See the following: [Alstom](https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2012/9/sembcorp-cogen-pte-ltd-signs-12-year-service-agreement-with-alstom), [Asian Power](https://asian-power.com/ipp/exclusive/tuas-power-diversifies-business-singapores-energy-transition), [Keppel](https://www.keppel.com/insights/feature-stories/powering-a-greener-future/), [Keppel Infrastructure Trust](https://www.kepinfratrust.com/portfolio/environmental-services/senoko-waste-to-energy-plant/), [Minconsult](https://www.minconsult.com/power-tuas-400mw-combined-cycle-power-plant/), [NS Energy Business](https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/analysis/featuresingapore/), [PacificLight](https://www.pacificlight.com.sg/media-centre/newsroom-article/pacificlight-power-awarded-right-to-build-new-hydrogen-ready-combined-cycle-gas-turbine-plant), [Power Engineering](https://www.power-eng.com/coal/plant-decommissioning/tuas-power-launches-power-plant-expansion/), [Power Engineering International](https://www.powerengineeringint.com/coal-fired/equipment-coal-fired/sempcorp-opens-ge-powered-815-mw-cogeneration-plant/%22,%22Power%20Engineering%20International), [Sembcorp](https://www.sembcorp.com/media/05rnf2gz/sembcorp_ar2024.pdf), [Senoko Energy](https://www.senokoenergy.com/downloads/media-releases/media-releases-20130206151101-2012_02_06%20Senoko%20Energy%20Inaugurates%20Its%20Stage%202%20Repowering%20Project.pdf), [Singapore Energy Market Authority](https://www.ema.gov.sg/news-events/news/media-releases/2023/meranti-power-to-build-own-operate-two-new-open-cycle-gas-turbine-generating-units-in-singapore), [Singapore National Environment Agency](https://www.nea.gov.sg/docs/default-source/our-services/waste-management/tsip-brochure_printed-2018.pdf), [The Straits Times](https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/ytl-power-acquires-hyfluxs-tuaspring-power-station-for-270m-in-cash), [YTL PowerSeraya](https://ytlpowerseraya.com.sg/ytl-powerseraya-breaks-ground-for-600mw-hydrogen-ready-combined-cycle-gas-turbine-ccgt-paving-the-way-for-singapores-net-zero-future/) | Gold | # South Africa Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/countries/south-africa This section provides specific details about Scenario Builder's model of South Africa. The South Africa model is **uncalibrated**. It has not been through TransitionZero's [model calibration standard](/methodology/model-calibration), so results have not been checked against historical capacities, generation, emissions, or trade. Use it for exploratory analysis out of the box, and calibrate it for modelling work. # Changelog South Africa model (uncalibrated) added to Scenario Builder, with support for capacity expansion and dispatch scenarios # Model scope ## Capacity Expansion * Base year: 2023 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: National (1 node only) * Temporal resolution: * Low resolution (24-hourly and yearly) - 1 timeslice * Medium resolution (3-hourly and 3-monthly) - 32 timeslices ## Dispatch * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Temporal resolution: * High resolution (hourly and single year) - 8760 timesteps * Available for single years between 2023-2050 # Data sourcing table Several inputs are drawn from [pypsa-rsa](https://github.com/MeridianEconomics/pypsa-rsa), the open-source South African capacity expansion model maintained by Meridian Economics. | **Input variable** | **Data source** | **Data standard** | | :------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :---------------- | | Demand profiles - current | 2021 Eskom demand profile, as documented by [pypsa-rsa](https://github.com/MeridianEconomics/pypsa-rsa/blob/master/data/eskom_data.csv). More recent data has been requested from Eskom and will be incorporated when it is received. | Silver | | Demand profiles - future | Shape of the demand profile does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Annual demand - current | 2023-2024: [CSIR Utility Statistics Report (January 2025)](https://www.csir.co.za/sites/default/files/2025-09/Utility%20Statistics%20Report_Jan%202025_Final.pdf) | Gold | | Annual demand - future | 2025-2050: CSIR historical demand, grown at the annual growth rates used by pypsa-rsa | Silver | | Renewable profiles - current | 2021 Eskom renewables profile, as documented by [pypsa-rsa](https://github.com/MeridianEconomics/pypsa-rsa/blob/master/data/eskom_data.csv). More recent data has been requested from Eskom and will be incorporated when it is received. | Silver | | Renewable profiles - future | Shape of the renewable profiles does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Renewable potentials | [DST Bio Energy Atlas for South Africa](http://bea.dirisa.org/) (Hugo, W. (Ed.), 2016, Department of Science and Technology) and World Bank data, alongside existing and planned/target capacities | Silver | | Technology costs - current | pypsa-rsa, AETOS, [IEA World Energy Outlook 2024](https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024), DEA, and [NREL](https://atb.nrel.gov/) | Silver | | Technology costs - future | pypsa-rsa, AETOS, [IEA World Energy Outlook 2024](https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024), DEA, and [NREL](https://atb.nrel.gov/) | Silver | | Commodity costs - current | pypsa-rsa and AETOS | Silver | | Commodity costs - future | pypsa-rsa and AETOS | Silver | | Efficiency / Losses | AETOS and [IEA World Energy Outlook 2024](https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024) | Silver | | Emission factors | AETOS | Silver | | Operating life | AETOS | Silver | | Minimum and maximum annual utilisation | AETOS | Silver | | Ramp rates | pypsa-rsa | Silver | | Storage maximum hours | AETOS | Silver | | Discount rate | 8%, following pypsa-rsa | Silver | | WACC | 10% per technology, assumed | Bronze | | Reserve margin | 10%, following pypsa-rsa | Silver | | Power plant data (installed capacity) | pypsa-rsa | Silver | | Capacity expansion constraints | Existing assets are non-extendable: capacity additions are set to zero for all technologies in 2023-2025. All technologies are extendable beyond 2025, except electricity imports and exports. Annual capacity additions are limited by an assumed growth rate of 20-40% per technology, with a floor of 2% of total 2023 installed capacity (flat per technology). | Bronze | # Thailand Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/countries/thailand This section provides specific details about Scenario Builder's model of Thailand. # Changelog Support for Thailand dispatch scenarios The Thailand 1-node and 3-node model added to Scenario Builder # Model scope ## Capacity Expansion * Base year: 2023 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Regional (3-nodes): * Thailand Central (GRIDREGION-THA-CE) * Thailand South (GRIDREGION-THA-SO) * Thailand North (GRIDREGION-THA-NO) * Temporal resolution: * Low resolution (24-hourly and yearly) - 1 Timeslice * Medium resolution (3-hourly and 3-monthly) - 32 Timeslices ## Dispatch * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Regional (3-nodes): * Thailand Central (GRIDREGION-THA-CE) * Thailand South (GRIDREGION-THA-SO) * Thailand North (GRIDREGION-THA-NO) * Temporal resolution: * High resolution (hourly and single year) - 8760 timesteps * Available for single years between 2023-2050 # Data sourcing table | **Input variable** | **Data source** | **Data standard** | | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------- | | Demand profiles - current | Shape of the demand at the national-level synthetically generated from a historical year (2015) | Silver | | Demand profiles - future | Shape of the demand profile does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Annual demand - current | [Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO)](https://www.eppo.go.th/index.php/en/en-energystatistics/electricity-statistic), [Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA)](https://www.pea.co.th/en/about-pea/annual-report) | Gold | | Annual demand - future | TransitionZero in-house estimates | Bronze | | Renewable profiles - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Renewable profiles - future | Shape of the renewable profiles does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Renewable potentials | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Bronze | | Technology costs - current | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Technology costs - future | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - future | TransitionZero in-house estimates ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Domestic interconnector capacity data - current | [Global Transmission Database](https://zenodo.org/records/10870602) | Silver | | Domestic interconnector capacity data - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Electricity cross border trade cost - current | Marginal cost of neighboring countries exporting electricity to/from Thailand based on [TZ APG study](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Electricity cross border trade cost - future | Marginal cost of neighboring countries exporting electricity to/from Thailand based on [TZ APG study](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Efficiency / Losses | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Minimum generation level | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation levels, and then linearly reduced to zero by 2035 | Bronze | | Planned outages / Availability | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation, and [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | Bronze | | Discount rate | Default (5%) | Bronze | | WACC | IEA Cost of Capital Observatory | Bronze | | Power plant data (location, capacity, fuel, technology, start year, end year) | Data served as initial and planned capacities from 2023 to 2050. This data is curated and validated by TransitionZero and only includes on-grid capacities. The base dataset is from Global Energy Monitor with enhancements from "additional asset sources". See the following: [Absolute Clean Energy](https://ace.listedcompany.com/misc/one-report/20250327-ace-or2024-en.pdf), [B.Grimm Power](https://bgrim.listedcompany.com/misc/one-report/20250322-bgrim-one-report-2024-en.pdf), [BAFS Clean Energy](https://bafscleanenergy.com/our-business/), [Bangchak](https://www.bangchak.co.th/storage/document/ar/ar2013-en.pdf), [BCPG](https://www.bcpggroup.com/en/newsroom/news/217/bcpg-s-lomligor-wind-farm-starts-commercial-operation-ahead-of-schedule-with-immediate-revenue-recognition), [BLCP Power](https://www.blcp.co.th/web/History%20BLCP), [Chubu Electric Power](https://www.chuden.co.jp/english/corporate/releases/pressreleases/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2020/04/14/06211.pdf), [CK Power](https://ckp.listedcompany.com/misc/one-report/20250324-ckp-or2024-en.pdf), [EGAT](https://www.egat.co.th/home/en/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/EGAT-AR_EN_2024_250612.pdf), [EGCO](https://www.egco.com/en/document/viewer/138151/one-report-2024), [Energy Absolute](https://ww2.energyabsolute.co.th/annual/EA_E-One%20report2024_EN.pdf), [GE Vernova](https://www.gevernova.com/news/press-releases/powered-by-ges-ha-technology-egats-bang-pakong-combined-cycle-power-plant-adds), [Glow Group](https://www.glow.co.th/en/downloads/annual-report), [GPSC](https://gpsc.listedcompany.com/misc/one-report/gpsc-one-report-2024-en.pdf), [Green Resources](https://www.greenresources.co.th/en/project/5), [Gulf Energy](https://hub.optiwise.io/en/documents/151692/gulf-or2024-en.pdf), [Gunkul](https://hub.optiwise.io/en/documents/155766/gunkul-ar2024-en.pdf), [Hyundai Engineering](https://m.hec.co.kr/en/business/power/9556), [Infinite Green](http://www.infinitegreen.co.th/background-eng/), [National Power Supply](https://nps.listedcompany.com/misc/ar/20240329-nps-ar2023-en.pdf), [Prime Road Power](https://primeroadpower.com/solarth/kamphaengphet-1-project/), [RATCH Group](https://ratch.listedcompany.com/misc/ar/ratch-ar2024-en.pdf), [Sermsang Power](https://www.sermsang.com/en/our-projects/), [SPCG](https://www.spcg.co.th//media/doc/1746006632_PDF_FNSPCG2024_EN_Final.pdf), [Thai Oil Group](https://top.listedcompany.com/misc/one-report/20250228-top-one-report2024-en.pdf), [Thai Solar Energy](https://www.thaisolarenergy.com/index.php/solar-farm-thailand/), [Wind Energy Holding](https://www.windenergyholding.com/en/projects/) | Gold | # Vietnam Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/countries/vietnam This section provides specific details about Scenario Builder's model of Vietnam. # Changelog Support for Vietnam dispatch scenarios The Vietnam 1-node and 3-node model added to Scenario Builder # Model scope ## Capacity Expansion * Base year: 2023 * End year: 2050 * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Regional (3-nodes): * Vietnam Central (GRIDREGION-VNM-CE) * Vietnam South (GRIDREGION-VNM-SO) * Vietnam North (GRIDREGION-VNM-NO) * Temporal resolution: * Low resolution (24-hourly and yearly) - 1 Timeslice * Medium resolution (3-hourly and 3-monthly) - 32 Timeslices ## Dispatch * Spatial resolution: * National (1-node) * Regional (3-nodes): * Vietnam Central (GRIDREGION-VNM-CE) * Vietnam South (GRIDREGION-VNM-SO) * Vietnam North (GRIDREGION-VNM-NO) * Temporal resolution: * High resolution (hourly and single year) - 8760 timesteps * Available for single years between 2023-2050 # Data sourcing table | **Input variable** | **Data source** | **Data standard** | | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------- | | Demand profiles - current | Shape of the demand at the national-level synthetically generated from a historical year of 2023 ([https://www.nsmo.vn/](https://www.nsmo.vn/)). Regional demand profiles follow national shape. | Gold | | Demand profiles - future | Shape of the demand profile does not change in the future. Regional demand profiles follow national shape. | Bronze | | Annual demand - current | Electricity of Vietnam (EVN) | Gold | | Annual demand - future | TransitionZero in-house estimates | Bronze | | Renewable profiles - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Renewable profiles - future | Shape of the renewable profiles does not change in the future. | Bronze | | Renewable potentials | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Bronze | | Technology costs - current | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Technology costs - future | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Interconnector technology costs - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - current | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Commodity costs - future | TransitionZero in-house estimates ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Domestic interconnector capacity data - current | [Global Transmission Database](https://zenodo.org/records/10870602) | Silver | | Domestic interconnector capacity data - future | TransitionZero in-house methodology ([https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg)) | Silver | | Electricity cross border trade cost - current | Marginal cost of neighboring countries exporting electricity to/from Vietnam based on [TZ APG study](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Electricity cross border trade cost - future | Marginal cost of neighboring countries exporting electricity to/from Vietnam based on [TZ APG study](https://www.transitionzero.org/insights/from-vision-to-voltage-with-tz-apg) | Bronze | | Efficiency / Losses | [Indonesia Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency and The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource](https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/c4d42-technology-data-for-the-indonesian-power-sector-2024-annoteret-af-kb-.pdf), [VietNam Technology Catalogue by Danish Energy Agency](https://ens.dk/en/global-coorporation/energy-partnerships/vietnam), [BNEF Malaysia Technology Cost](https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/Malaysia-A-Techno-Economic-Analysis-of-Power-Generation.pdf), and [The 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook by ASEAN Center of Energy](https://aseanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/8th-ASEAN-Energy-Outlook.pdf) | Silver | | Minimum generation level | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation levels, and then linearly reduced to zero by 2035 | Bronze | | Planned outages / Availability | Technology specific, calibrated based on historical generation, and [NREL ATB 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | Bronze | | Discount rate | Default (5%) | Bronze | | WACC | IEA Cost of Capital Observatory | Bronze | | Power plant data (location, capacity, fuel, technology, start year, end year) | Data served as initial and planned capacities from 2023 to 2050. This data is curated and validated by TransitionZero. The base dataset is from Global Energy Monitor with enhancements from "additional asset sources". See the following: [A Vuong JSC](https://avuong.com/archives/1916), [ACEN](https://www.acenrenewables.com/project/khanh-hoa-dak-lak-solar/), [ACIT](https://acit.com.vn/vi/detail/du-an-nha-may-dien-mat-troi-bau-zon-c375), [AES Mong Duong](https://aesmongduong.vn/project/), [AIT Corporation](https://aitcorp.com.vn/tin-tuc/dong-dien-thanh-cong-tram-bien-ap-tang-ap-22220kv-nmdmt-thuan-nam-12-n527.html), [An Khe Ka Nak HPC](https://akhpc.vn/d6/vi-VN/news2/NGAY-25102014-CONG-TY-THUY-DIEN-AN-KHE-KA-NAK-PHAT-LEN-LUOI-DIEN-QUOC-GIA-2-TY-KWH-1-702-329), [An Xuan Group](https://akhpc.vn/d6/vi-VN/news2/NGAY-25102014-CONG-TY-THUY-DIEN-AN-KHE-KA-NAK-PHAT-LEN-LUOI-DIEN-QUOC-GIA-2-TY-KWH-1-702-329), [Andritz](https://www.andritz.com/hydro-en/about-andritz-hydro/locations/hanoi-vietnam/local-news-vietnam), [Ba Ria TPC](https://www.btp.com.vn/c3/vi-VN/gioi-thieu/Lich-su-phat-trien-1-2015), [Bac Ha HPC](https://thuydienbacha.vn/ve-chung-toi/), [Bac Lieu DOIT](https://sct.baclieu.gov.vn/-/khanh-thanh-giai-doan-2-nha-may-dien-gio-bac-lieu-2327), [Bac Lieu provincial government](https://baclieu.gov.vn/-/ch%E1%BB%A7-t%E1%BB%8Bch-ubnd-t%E1%BB%89nh-ti%E1%BA%BFp-v%C3%A0-l%C3%A0m-vi%E1%BB%87c-v%E1%BB%9Bi-c%C3%B4ng-ty-c%E1%BB%95-ph%E1%BA%A7n-super-wind-energy-c%C3%B4ng-l%C3%BD-b%E1%BA%A1c-li%C3%AAu-v%E1%BB%81-t%C3%ACnh-h%C3%ACnh-tri%E1%BB%83n-khai-d%E1%BB%B1-), [Bac Phuong JSC](https://bacphuong.com.vn/bai-viet/khanh-thanh-nha-may-dien-mat-troi-bp-solar-1_210.aspx), [Bamboo Capital](https://bamboocap.com.vn/truyen-thong/tin-tuc-su-kien/2019-tin-tuc/thang-6-2019/khanh-thanh-nha-may-nang-luong-mat-troi-cong-suat-406mwp), [Ban Ve HPC](https://banvehpc.com/c3/vi-VN/gioi-thieu/Thong-so-cong-trinh--2-1280), [Banpu](https://www.banpu.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Banpu-One-Report-2024_EN_6-Mar-25.pdf), [BB Group](https://bbgroup.com.vn/nang-luong/nha-may-dien-gio-hung-hai-gia-lai/), [BCG Energy](https://bcgenergy.com.vn/Data/Sites/1/media/bao%20cao%20thuong%20nien/2024/BGE%20-%20Bao%20cao%20thuong%20nien%202024_VI.pdf), [BIM Group](https://bimgroup.com/linh-vuc/nang-luong-tai-tao), [Bitexco Power](https://bitexcopower.com.vn/projects/dak-mi-4-abc/), [Cam Pha TPC](https://owa.hnx.vn/ftp///cims/2017/9_W4/000000006983252_TTTT_Cam_Pha.pdf), [Can Don JSC](https://candon.com.vn/bai-viet-tong-quan/), [Dai Ninh HPC](https://www.dnhpc.com.vn/gioi-thieu/gioi-thieu-cong-ty/), [Dak Drinh HPC](https://dakdrinh.com.vn/gioi-thieu-1-25.html), [Dau Tu Online News](https://baodautu.vn/mo-danh-tinh-87-nha-may-dien-mat-troi-da-van-hanh-truoc-ngay-3062019-d112210.html), [DHD Hydropower](https://www.dhd.com.vn/c3/vi-VN/gioi-thieu/Lich-su-va-Phat-trien-2-468), [Dong Nai HPC](https://www.hpcdongnai.com/c3/vi-VN/tong-quan/Gioi-thieu-chung-2-520), [Duc Long Group](https://www.duclonggroup.com/tin-tuc-su-kien/dlg-hoan-thanh-du-an-dien-mat-troi-50mwp-chi-trong-3-5-thang.html), [Duyen Hai TPC](https://www.tpcduyenhai.com.vn/d6/vi-VN/news2/Cong-ty-Nhiet-dien-Duyen-Hai-2-520-1068), [EDPR](https://www.edpr-investors.com/sites/edpr-investors/files/document/2025-03/EDPR_Vietnam%2520Entry.pdf), [Electricity of Vietnam](https://www.evn.com.vn/d/vi-VN/news/84-nha-may-dien-gio-da-duoc-cong-nhan-van-hanh-thuong-mai-den-het-ngay-31102021-60-12-29425), [FECON](https://fecon.com.vn/nha-may-dien-mat-troi-vinh-hao-6-dp197), [Fujiwara](http://fujiwara-inc.com/vn/information), [Gelex](https://gelex-infra.vn/du-an/du-an-nha-may-dien-gio-gelex-1-gelex-2-gelex-3.html), [GENCO3](https://www.genco3.com/tin-tuc/tin-tuc-evngenco-3/nha-may-thuy-dien-thuong-kon-tum-to-may-so-1-hoa-luoi-dien-quoc-gia.html), [Gia Lai Electricity](https://geccom.vn/quan-he-nha-dau-tu#baocao), [Government of Vietnam](https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160\&docid=213388), [Gunkul](https://www.gunkul.com/en/about/who-we-are), [Ha Do Group](https://hado.com.vn/Uploads/files/20250418%20-%20HDG%20-%20Bao%20cao%20thuong%20nien%202024.pdf), [Hacom](http://www.hacomholdings.vn/vi/du-an/nha-may-dien-mat-troi-hacom-solar), [Halcom](https://halcom.vn/works/du-an-dien-mat-troi-hau-giang/), [HBRE](https://hbre.vn/our-project/), [Hoa Binh HPC](https://www.thuydienhoabinh.vn/lich-su-va-phat-trien/), [Hoa Dong](https://diengiohoadong.com/nha-may-dien-gio-hoa-dong-chinh-thuc-di-vao-van-hanh-thuong-mai-cod/), [Hoanh Son Group](https://hoanhsongroup.com.vn/the-first-solar-power-plant-in-ha-tinh-will-officially-generate-electricity-on-june-25/?lang=vi), [Huong Dien JSC](https://www.huongdienjsc.vn/nha-may.html), [Huong Son HPC](https://thuydienhuongson.vn/qua-trinh-hinh-thanh-du-an/), [Ialy HPC](https://ialyhpc.vn/c3/vi-VN/Gioi-thieu/Lich-su-phat-trien-1-2015), [Jaks Resources Berhad](https://www.jaks.com.my/powerplant-progress.php), [Kosy Group](https://kosy.vn/recycled_energy/nha-may-dien-gio-kosy-bac-lieu-giai-doan-1-40mw/), [Mong Duong TPC](http://www.mongduongtpc.vn/c3/vi-VN/tong-quan/Gioi-thieu-chung-2-520), [Nghi Son 2 TPC](https://ns2pc.com/pages/thong-tin-du-an), [Nghi Son TPC](https://nghison.evn.vn/d4/news/Gioi-thieu-chung-ve-Cong-ty-nhiet-dien-Nghi-Son-2-2166.aspx), [Ninh Binh TPC](https://nbtpc.com.vn/d4/news/Gioi-thieu-chung-ve-Cong-ty-Co-phan-Nhiet-dien-Ninh-Binh-2-868.aspx), [PC1 Group](https://www.pc1group.vn/pcc1-khanh-thanh-thuy-dien-bao-lam-3-va-bao-lam-3a/), [PC1 EPC](https://pc1epc.vn/du-an-nha-may-dien-mat-troi-bmt-tong-thau-epc), [PECC1](https://pecc1.com/d4/news/Khanh-thanh-Nha-may-nhiet-dien-An-Khanh-I-8-713.aspx), [PECC2](https://pecc2.com/en/khanh-thanh-nha-may-thuy-dien-dak-mi-3.html), [PECC2 OM](https://pecc2om.com/du-an/nha-may-dien-mat-troi-thanh-long-phu-yen/), [PECC3](https://www.pecc3.com.vn/en/pre-bid-conference-o-mon-ii-thermal-power-plant-project/), [PetroVietnam](https://www.pvn.vn/Pages/detail.aspx?NewsID=8d886a5f-07f7-49fd-a353-084725bfad01), [Pha Lai Power](http://ppc.evn.vn/vi/laws/detail/PPC-Cong-bo-thong-tin-Bao-cao-thuong-nien-nam-2024-Tieng-Viet-Enlish-238/), [Phu Dien Group](https://phudiengroup.vn/pd-du-an/du-an-dien-gio-tan-linh), [Phu My TPC](https://phumytpc.com/linh-vuc-hoat-dong/463FA749-6EEF-4190-A32B-9D68944C9366), [PVPower](https://pvpower.vn/vi/project/nha-may-dien-khi-ca-mau-1-2-1), [Quang Ninh TPC](http://www.quangninhtpc.com.vn/d6/news/Bao-cao-thuong-nien-nam-2024--5-217-1860), [Quang Tri HPC](http://www.thuydienquangtri.vn/danh-muc2-151.html), [RATCH Group](https://ratch.listedcompany.com/misc/ar/ratch-ar2024-en.pdf), [REE Corporation](https://www.reecorp.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/20250318-ree-bao-cao-thuong-nien-2024.pdf), [Sao Mai Group](https://saomaigroup.com/vnt_upload/shareholder/09_2023/BAO_CAO_THUONG_NIEN_2020_compressed.pdf), [Se San 4A HPC](http://sesan4a.com.vn/nha-may-thuy-dien-se-san-4a-hoan-thanh-hoa-luoi-dien-quoc-gia-25-27.html), [Son Dong TPC](http://nhietdiensondong.vn/trang-mau/), [Song Ba Ha HPC](https://sbh.vn/d6/vi-VN/gioi-thieu-d/Gioi-thieu-Cong-trinh-Thuy-dien-Song-Ba-Ha-2-224-1), [Song Da 5 JSC](https://songda5.com.vn/vi/project/du-an-thuy-dien-bac-me.html), [SP Group](https://www.spgroup.com.sg/about-us/media-resources/news-and-media-releases/SP-Group-Acquires-First-Solar-Farm-Assets-of-100MWP-in-Vietnam), [Su Pan 2 HPC](http://supan2.net/cac-cong-trinh-du-an/), [Super Energy](https://supercorp.vn/featured_item/van-giao-1-solar-power-plant/), [T\&T Group](https://www.ttgroup.com.vn/tt-group-van-hanh-them-3-nha-may-dien-mat-troi), [Tai Tam](https://taitam.com.vn/nha-may-dien-gio-vien-an-ca-mau-phat-dien-thuong-mai-line-2-tong-cong-suat-50mw.html), [Thac Ba HPC](https://thacba.vn/d4/news/Nha-may-thuy-dien-Thac-Ba-35-nam-quan-ly-van-hanh-2-2095.aspx), [Thac Mo HPC](https://tmhpp.com.vn/c3/gioi-thieu/Lich-su-phat-trien-2-289.aspx), [Thai Binh Duong Group](https://www.thaibinhduong.vn/tin-tuc/pac-va-bao-chi/dai-truyen-hinh-binh-thuan-nha-may-dien-gio-chinh-thuc-van-hanh-thuong-mai), [Thai Binh TPC](https://thaibinhtpc.vn/c3/vi-VN/tong-quan/Gioi-thieu-chung-2-520), [The Blue Circle](https://www.thebluecircle.sg/dam-nai-wind-project), [Thien Tan Group](https://thientangroup.vn/du-an/du-an-dien-mat-troi-mo-duc.html), [Toji Group](https://toji.vn/du-an/110-kv/tram-bien-ap-110kv-nha-may-dien-mat-troi-ham-kiem-1/), [Tri An HPC](https://trianhpc.vn/c3/vi-VN/gioi-thieu/Lich-su-phat-trien-2-468), [Trung Nam Group](https://trungnamgroup.com.vn/du-an/nang-luong-3/dien-gio-ea-nam), [Truong Thanh Group](https://truongthanhgroup.com.vn/sk-project/du-an-phong-dien-phuong-mai-1/), [TTC Group](https://www.ttcgroup.vn/truyen-thong/tin-tuc-ttc/ttc-group-thailands-gulf-inaugurate-2-solar-power-plants-in-tay-ninh), [TTVN Group](https://ttvngroup.vn/linh-vuc-hoat-dong/nang-luong-3/), [Tuyen Quang HPC](https://tuyenquanghpc.com.vn/c3/vi-VN/gioi-thieu/Linh-vuc-hoat-dong-2-224), [Uong Bi TPC](https://www.nhietdienuongbi.com.vn/c3/vi-VN/gioi-thieu-f/Lich-su-phat-trien-2-1274), [Vietinbank](https://www.vietinbank.vn/vietinbank-cn1-sunpro-ben-tre-so-8-thuc-day-phat-trien-nang-luong-ben-vung-20250731101730-00-html), [VietnamNews](https://vietnamnews.vn/economy/1651894/van-phong-1-bot-thermal-power-plant-becomes-operational.html), [VietnamPlus](https://www.vietnamplus.vn/ha-giang-khanh-thanh-nha-may-thuy-dien-thai-an-post63607.vnp#google_vignette), [Vinaconex](https://vinaconex.com.vn/tin-tuc/khanh-thanh-nha-may-thuy-dien-ngoi-phat-mo-rong.html), [Vinh Son Song Hinh HPC](https://vshpc.evn.com.vn/c3/vi-VN/gioi-thieu/Qua-trinh-phat-trien-2-2069), [Vinh Tan TPC](https://www.vinhtantpc.com.vn/gioi-thieu/), [VnEconomy](https://vneconomy.vn/khanh-thanh-du-an-nha-may-dien-mat-troi-kn-van-ninh-100-mwp.htm), [Xuan Cau Group](https://xuancau.com.vn/project/nha-may-dien-gio-so-7-gd1-soc-trang/), [Xuan Thien Group](https://xuanthiengroup.vn/du-an/nha-may-dien-mat-troi-ea-sup-5/) | Gold | # Get in touch with TransitionZero Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/getintouch If you have any questions, please reach out to support@transitionzero.org # Commodity (fuel) prices Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/methodology/commodity-prices This page discusses commodity prices, an essential data input for energy system models. The cost of fuels used for energy production - primarily coal, natural gas, and crude oil for oil-fired power plants - is a key driver of electricity generation costs. Commodity prices are influenced by global supply and demand, geopolitical events, transportation costs, regional infrastructure, mining costs, and environmental regulations. # Typical Value Ranges These values are illustrative, and can vary significantly | **Fuel** | **Typical Value Range (USD, 2023 Constant)** | **Key Factors** | | :---------- | :------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Coal | \$50 - \$150 / ton | Quality, mining/transportation costs, regional demand, environmental regulations. | | Natural Gas | \$3 - \$15 / MMBtu | Regional pipeline infrastructure, LNG trade, production costs, geopolitical events, demand from heating/cooling/electricity generation. | | Crude Oil | \$50 - \$150 / barrel | Global supply/demand, OPEC policies, geopolitical events, economic growth, technological advancements, pace of energy transition. | | Biomass | Highly variable (e.g., \$30 - \$100 / ton) | Type of biomass, local availability, processing, transportation, sustainability certification. | Data sourcing standards for commodity prices are detailed below. # Data sourcing standards – commodity prices | **Input Variable** | **Model Type** | **Gold Standard ('Best in Class')** | **Silver Standard ('Good')** | **Bronze Standard ('Publishable')** | | :------------------------ | :------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | Commodity costs - current | CE & UD | Data owner data at the commodity exchange or asset level (e.g., mine-mouth coal contracts). Regionally specific import prices. | IEA commodity prices (e.g., from WEO) by region, by year. | World Bank Commodity Outlook (includes recent past): global value per year per commodity. | | Commodity costs - future | CE | Detailed, scenario-specific projections from specialized energy agencies or robust internal analysis considering resource depletion, technology, and policy. | Projections from reputable public sources (e.g., IEA WEO scenarios). | Constant prices from the present, or simple trend extrapolation. *(Note: Future price methodologies are continuously refined.)* | # Demand profiles Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/methodology/demand-profiles What are electricity demand profiles, and how do they impact model results? Electricity demand profiles represent how electricity consumption varies over time. Accurate profiles are critical for capturing the operational behaviour of the system and ensuring a reliable, cost-effective energy supply. Key characteristics include: * **Temporal resolution:** Profiles may be hourly, sub-hourly (e.g. every 15 or 5 minutes), daily, weekly, or seasonal * **Shape:** * Daily peaks: typically in the morning and evening. * Seasonal variation: higher demand in summer (cooling) or winter (heating). * Base load: the steady, minimum level of demand. Factors influencing demand: * **Weather conditions** (temperature, humidity, solar irradiance). * **Economic activity** (industrial and commercial usage). * **Human behaviour** (residential patterns). * **Daylight hours** (affecting lighting needs). * **Holidays and weekends.** Data sourcing standards for current and future electricity demand profiles are detailed below. # Data sourcing standards – demand profiles | **Input variable** | **Model type** | **Gold** **standard**
(’best in class’) | **Silver** **standard**
(‘Good’) | \*\*Bronze standard \*\*
(‘Publishable’) | | :------------------------ | :------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------- | | Demand profiles - current | CE & UD | Hourly data from data owner by sector and zoned location in the highest resolution. Available for reference year e.g. (2023) | Shape of the demand at the national-level synthetically generated from any year (e.g. 2015 when our reference is 2023) | Profile is generated using a profile from a proxy country. | | Demand profiles - future | CE & UD | Shape of the demand profile changes based on weather (linked) and degree of electrification. Synthetic methodology applied (TBD). | Shape of the demand profile changes based on weather year only (linked). | Shape of the demand profile does not change in the future. | # Demand Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/methodology/demand-projections This section outlines the methodology and input data used to develop demand projections within Scenario Builder. The primary focus is on projecting power consumption (demand) at each model node. Projections include national-level data for 153 countries and sub-national data for 10 additional countries. All data and results are presented on an annual timescale. For countries represented as national nodes, the methodology begins with a trend analysis of **Gross Domestic Product (GDP)** growth and population growth data. This analysis identifies the growth line's shape (linear, exponential, or polynomial), which is then used for regression. Datasets are analysed to quantify their influence on historical demand data. This forms the basis for assigning weighting factors to each dataset, which are applied in regression. A similar method is applied to countries with sub-national zones. The focus shifts to regional data, specifically Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), regional population statistics, and regional electricity demand. Where granular power demand data is unavailable, a proportional scaling approach is used based on the ratio of GRDP to GDP within each node. Each node is assessed individually, considering power usage and characteristics within the context of its unique macroeconomic conditions. The top-down approach used in this demand analysis may not capture granular ground-level data with precision. This is due to constraints in obtaining comprehensive socio-economic data for in-depth behavioural analysis that impacts power utilisation. However, this top-down approach is considered an effective way to illustrate power demand growth at the national level. Power demand projection relies on three primary input variables: GDP, population, and historical electricity demand data. ## GDP and population data The World Bank provides data from 1990 to 2022 on GDP (Purchasing Power Parity in 2017 international USD) and population. For future growth projections (2025-2100), IIASA’s Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP2) dataset is used. The IMF’s GDP growth forecast up to 2025 bridges the gap between the World Bank and SSP2 data. ## Historical electricity demand data Data is sourced from EMBER’s open dataset and validated against IEA’s energy statistics data. The table below summarises our data sources for GDP, population, and historical electricity demand. | **Input Variable** | **Data Source** | **Data Period** | **Unit of Measurement** | | :------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :-------------- | :----------------------------------- | | GDP | [World Bank](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/) | 1990 - 2022 | PPP in USD 2017 | | Population | [World Bank](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/) | 1990 - 2022 | Total population | | Short-term GDP growth projection | [IMF](https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/datasets/WEO) | 2022 - 2024 | Annual percent change | | Long-term GDP projection | [IIASA SSP2](https://data.ece.iiasa.ac.at/ssp/) | 2025 - 2100 | PPP in USD 2017 | | Historical electricity demand | [EMBER](https://ember-climate.org/data-catalogue/yearly-electricity-data/) | 2000-2022 | Terawatt hours of electricity demand | For countries represented at the sub-national level, data is collected from the official websites and documents of each country as listed in the table below: | **Country/Region** | **Sources** | | :----------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Canada | [National Statistical Agency](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=3610022201) | | USA | [The Bureau of Economic Analysis](https://apps.bea.gov/regional/downloadzip.cfm), [Energy Information Administration](https://www.eia.gov/state/seds/seds-data-complete.php) | | Russia | [Federal State Statistic Service](https://eng.rosstat.gov.ru/) | | India | [Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation](https://www.mospi.gov.in/), [Central Electricity Authority](https://cea.nic.in/dashboard/?lang=en) | | China | [National Bureau of Statistics of China](http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/) | | Indonesia | [RUPTL 2021-2030](https://web.pln.co.id/statics/uploads/2021/10/ruptl-2021-2030.pdf), [Visi Indonesia 2045](https://perpustakaan.bappenas.go.id/e-library/file_upload/koleksi/migrasi-data-publikasi/file/Policy_Paper/Ringkasan%20Eksekutif%20Visi%20Indonesia%202045_Final.pdf) | | Vietnam | [Vietnam Statistical Yearbook](https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2023/06/statistical-yearbook-of-2022/), [Eight National Power Development Plan (PDP8) 2021-2030](https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160) | | Malaysia | [The Department of Statistics Malaysia](https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/landingv2), [Malaysia Energy Statistics Handbook](https://www.st.gov.my/en/contents/files/download/116/Malaysia_Energy_Statistics_Handbook_20201.pdf) | | Philippines | [Philippine Statistics Authority](https://openstat.psa.gov.ph/), [Philippine Energy Plan 2020-2040](https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/pep/PEP%202022-2040%20Final%20eCopy_20220819.pdf) | | Thailand | [Office of The National Economic and Social Development Council](https://www.nesdc.go.th/nesdb_en/main.php?filename=national_account), [Electricity Statistic of Energy Policy and Planning Office](https://www.eppo.go.th/index.php/en/en-energystatistics/electricity-statistic) | # Existing assets Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/methodology/existing-assets This page discusses how Scenario Builder uses existing asset data, an essential starting input for energy system modelling. Every model begins with a snapshot of the current energy system, including all existing generation (power plants), storage (e.g. batteries), and transmission (major power lines) assets. For each asset, the following information is required: * **Capacity (MW):** The capacity of operating assets in the model’s start year, referred to as ‘Residual Capacity’ in the TZ-OSeMOSYS framework. Assets that are under construction or committed are included in the future system. * **Location:** Latitude and longitude coordinates. * **Year of construction:** The commissioning year of the asset. * **Operational life:** The expected number of years the asset remains in service. Data sourcing standards for existing assets is detailed below. # Data sourcing standards – existing assets | **Input variable** | **Model type** | **Gold Standard ('Best in Class')** | **Silver Standard ('Good')** | **Bronze Standard ('Publishable')** | | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Power plant data - current (location, capacity, fuel, technology, start year, operational life) | CE & UD | Asset-by-asset validation and gap-filling by TransitionZero’s country analysts. | Asset-by-asset validation. | Global datasets. | | Interconnector data - current (location, capacity, technology, start year, operational life) | CE & UD | Asset-by-asset validation and gap-filling by TransitionZero’s country analysts. | [Global Transmission database](https://zenodo.org/records/10870602) with subnational or grid zone gap-filling. | Country-level copper plate from [Global Transmission database](https://zenodo.org/records/10870602), national or subnational level (grid-zone). | # Financial inputs Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/methodology/financial-inputs This page discusses how financial data inputs influence a model Financial parameters significantly influence investment decisions in the model. # Discount rate (Social Discount Rate - SDR) The discount rate used here is the social discount rate (SDR), which reflects society’s valuation of costs and benefits over time. Unlike private discount rates such as the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), which reflect investor returns, the SDR takes a broader view, incorporating long-term social and environmental impacts. It is used to convert future costs and benefits into present-day values, enabling consistent comparison of scenarios with different timelines. The choice of SDR can strongly influence model results: a lower SDR places more value on future outcomes and tends to favour long-term investments, while a higher SDR gives more weight to short-term benefits. Data sourcing standards for discount rates are detailed below. ## Data sourcing standards – discount rates | **Input Variable** | **Model Type** | **Gold Standard ('Best in Class')** | **Silver Standard ('Good')** | **Bronze Standard ('Publishable')** | | :----------------- | :------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------ | | Discount rate | CE & UD | Country-specific SDR based on government guidelines or extensive literature review, subjected to sensitivity analysis for transparency (e.g., below 3%). | Domestic "Overton window" (common range in literature for the country/region). | Typical range for region/scenario (e.g., 3-5%), or a default value. | # Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) WACC represents the average rate of return a project must offer to satisfy its investors, covering both debt and equity, and reflects the perceived investment risk for a given technology or project. It is used as the discount rate when calculating the net present value (NPV) of lifetime project costs. Differences in WACC between technologies can significantly affect their relative competitiveness. It is expressed as a percentage and is often held constant over the model period for simplicity, though in reality it may vary by technology and over time. Data sourcing standards for WACC are detailed below. ## Data sourcing standards – WACC | **Input Variable** | **Model Type** | **Gold Standard ('Best in Class')** | **Silver Standard ('Good')** | **Bronze Standard ('Publishable')** | | :----------------- | :------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------- | :--------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | WACC | CE & UD | Country-level, technology-specific data from investors and developers. | Central bank discount rate. | IEA Cost of Capital Observatory (regional/country averages), or generic defaults. | # Future assets Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/methodology/future-assets This page describes input data for future assets, or what could be built in the future. Models also consider new assets that could be built in the future, including: # Committed / Under Construction Assets A 'committed' status typically signifies that the asset has secured all necessary financial, regulatory, and contractual approvals and is officially scheduled for construction or commissioning. An 'under construction' status indicates that the asset is currently being built. These assets are typically forced into the model under certain scenarios (e.g. 'Current Policies' or 'Net Zero'), or even regardless of scenario, since their construction is already committed. Users retain the flexibility to include or exclude committed assets from a scenario. For a region or country with asset-level modelling in their regional model, committed assets are included as a separate fleet with zero installed capacity. This allows the model to account for their future operation while taking into account the capital expenditure associated with committed assets coming online, and prevents underestimating total system cost. There are several ways to include committed assets in a scenario: * Setting their capacity as a scenario's Minimum Additional Capacity forces that capacity into the model, guaranteeing it is built. * Setting their capacity as a scenario's Maximum Additional Capacity makes that capacity available without forcing it, allowing the model to build up to that amount — useful for representing possible delays. * Setting their capacity as both a scenario's Minimum Additional Capacity and Maximum Total Capacity guarantees the committed capacity is built, while capping how much additional capacity can be built beyond it. This combination is typically used for the 'Current Policies' scenario. # Potential Assets Candidate power plants, storage, or transmission lines that the model may choose to build if they are economically optimal. Data for planned and candidate future assets is similar to existing assets: * **Capacity (MW)** * **Location (potential sites or region/node)** * **Planned year of operation (for committed assets)** * **Operational life (Years)** * **Technology type** * **Fuel type** Data sourcing standards for future assets is detailed below. ## Data sourcing standards – future assets | **Input Variable** | **Model Type** | **Gold Standard ('Best in Class')** | **Silver Standard ('Good')** | **Bronze Standard ('Publishable')** | | :--------------------------- | :------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Power plant data - future | CE & UD | Project-by-project validation and gap-filling by TransitionZero’s country analysts for committed projects. Detailed resource assessment for candidates. | Project-by-project validation. | Open access data trackers based on plant status. Generalised technology lifetimes. Average data for candidates. | | Interconnector data - future | CE & UD | Asset-by-asset validation from government data with gap-filling and market adjustments by TransitionZero’s country analysts. | [Global Transmission database](https://zenodo.org/records/10870602) with subnational or grid zone gap-filling. | Country-level copper plate from [Global Transmission database](https://zenodo.org/records/10870602), national or subnational level (grid-zone). | # Maximum capacity of future assets Future assets are separated from the existing asset fleet in the model, and are only built if they are economically optimal. They are named as generic "candidate" assets (e.g. "additional\_photovoltaic" and "additional\_onshore-wind"). The maximum capacity of these candidate assets is an input to the model. The model will not build more than this maximum capacity, even if it is economically optimal to do so. This maximum can be based on: * **Resource availability**: e.g., wind and solar potential. * **Policy targets**: e.g., renewable energy capacity targets. If a country or region allows a technology to be built in the future on top of the existing fleet, the maximum capacity of that technology must be specified as the *remaining* potential (i.e. the total resource or policy-driven potential, minus the existing capacity of assets that already draw on the same commodity or source). This avoids double-counting: without subtracting the existing fleet, the model could end up building more of a resource than is actually available. If a technology's total potential is only available at the national level, the remaining potential is first calculated nationally (as described above), and then distributed across regions according to each region's share of current installed capacity for that technology. Existing assets have their potential set equal to their installed capacity, so they cannot be expanded by default. Any new capacity is represented by these generic candidate assets instead. # Model calibration Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/methodology/model-calibration This page outlines TransitionZero's model calibration standard met by all models on Scenario Builder # Changelog Model calibration standard published # Model Calibration The table below sets out the calibration standard for all energy system models that will be built at TZ. It applies to both Capacity Expansion (tz-osemosys) and Unit Dispatch (PyPSA). The calibration standard is country- and scenario-agnostic. This means that it applies to all countries and all scenarios. It consists of a list of model results that should be checked against their respective calibration thresholds to consider a model ‘calibrated’. It also specifies the resolution - spatial and temporal - at which these calibration thresholds should be applied. For e.g. Emissions in the base year should be within +/- 10% of actual historical data for the base year. Model calibration is an essential step in building credibility. The goal of calibration is produce models that analysts can use with confidence. A calibrated model will both reproduce historical energy system trends as well as plausible future energy system pathways. A basic calibration covers capacities, generation, emissions, and trade at a relatively coarse resolution (annual for an entire country). As model and data availability improves, calibration will performed at higher resolution (e.g. hourly for each region) and for a wider range of metrics (e.g. electricity prices). Higher standards of calibration will increase the data and modelling requirements for a given electricity system. For e.g., calibrating a model for electricity prices will require improvements to the model representation of ancillary services, capacity markets etc. as well as remuneration data related to each. Below is a step-by-step guide to the model calibration process: **1. Gather historical data:** * Collect reliable historical data for the calibration period for the relevant metrics. * Ensure the data is consistent with the model's temporal and spatial resolution. **2. Identify calibration parameters (set in the ‘Calibration standard’ table below)** * Select the model parameters that can be adjusted to improve the fit with historical data. **3. Implement Calibration Strategy** * **Manual Calibration:** Adjust parameters, run the model, compare results to historical data, and repeat. * **\[Future work] Automated Calibration:** Use optimisation algorithms to find the parameter set that minimises the difference between model results and historical data. **4. Compare model results with historical data:** * Compare the model outputs with the historical data for the chosen metrics. * Calculate error metrics against the calibration threshold for each of the chosen metrics **5. Iterate and Refine:** * If the model results do not adequately match the historical data, repeat Steps 4 and 5.+ * Adjust parameters and re-run the model **6. Validation:** * Validate the calibrated model by comparing its performance for future years and measuring it against the calibration threshold. # Calibration Standard [Click here to view the full calibration standard](https://transitionzero.notion.site/model-calibration?v=1e49ab42b13581e4946d000c65225d6f) image.png # Model frameworks Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/methodology/model-frameworks This page outlines TransitionZero's model frameworks used for modelling on Scenario Builder We use two types of modelling frameworks at TransitionZero, each with its own purpose based on their strengths and limitations. They are: ## *Long-Term Capacity Expansion (OSeMOSYS)* This is a least-cost optimisation model employed for long-term strategic planning. Its primary objective is to determine the optimal configuration of future capacity additions to an existing system over a defined planning horizon. This involves identifying the specific types, scales, and deployment schedules of new assets required to satisfy projected future demand while optimising a defined objective function, typically the minimisation of total discounted costs. Consequently, it serves as a critical analytical tool for evaluating alternative investment pathways and informing strategic infrastructure development decisions. The Capacity Expansion model used here is [TZ-OSeMOSYS](https://github.com/transition-zero/tz-osemosys/tree/main) - a Python package developed by TransitionZero using the open source [OSeMOSYS](https://github.com/OSeMOSYS/OSeMOSYS) modelling framework as the basis. ## *Single-Year Dispatch (PyPSA)* Dispatch modelling focuses on determining the optimal operation of a power system's resources (generators, storage, and controllable loads) to meet electricity demand at each point in time, typically over a short-term horizon (e.g., hourly or sub-hourly for the next day or week). The goal is to minimise operational costs (like fuel costs for generators) while satisfying demand and respecting various technical and network constraints. The Dispatch model used here is [PyPSA](https://pypsa.org/). It provides a comprehensive and flexible open-source environment for conducting sophisticated dispatch modelling of power systems, considering technical constraints, economic objectives, and the increasing complexity introduced by renewable energy sources and sector coupling. It allows users to analyse short-term system operation and evaluate the impact of different dispatch strategies and technologies. By default, a technology's capacity will **not** be optimised for single-year dispatch scenarios for current and past years — the model will only optimise dispatch of its installed capacity. This is demonstrated by **either** of the following scenario input conditions being met: * [Maximum additional capacity](/platform/input-types#maximum-additional-capacity) is set to `0` for that technology, **or** * [Maximum total capacity](/platform/input-types#maximum-total-capacity) equals [Installed capacity](/platform/input-types#installed-capacity) for that technology. In this case, no new capacity can be added above what is already installed, and the model focuses entirely on optimising how that installed capacity is dispatched. ## *Single-Year Dispatch and Capacity Expansion (PyPSA)* Capacity expansion is optionally available for all PyPSA scenarios, and enabled by default when creating scenarios in future years. This extends our PyPSA dispatch scenarios with single-investment-period capacity expansion. A technology's capacity will be optimised — alongside its dispatch — when **both** of the following conditions are met: * [Maximum additional capacity](/platform/input-types#maximum-additional-capacity) is **not** `0` for that technology, **and** * [Maximum total capacity](/platform/input-types#maximum-total-capacity) is **not** equal to [Installed capacity](/platform/input-types#installed-capacity) for that technology. In this case, the model is free to build additional capacity for the technology, subject to any other constraints in the system. ### Choosing a Capacity Expansion Framework: * Use **PyPSA with single-investment-period capacity expansion** for higher temporal resolution: better models of demand and weather variability, more realistic transmission and storage utilisation. * Use **OSeMOSYS** for more realistic long-term planning: growth constraints, stock turnover, etc. Growth rates and long-term considerations may lead to OSeMOSYS and PyPSA choosing a very different capacity mix in 2050. Why not try both and compare the results? ### Soft-Linking A common workflow is to run dispatch models based on long-term capacity expansion plans. This allows you to account for long-term dependencies using OSeMOSYS, while still seeing more detailed system dynamics with PyPSA. Feeding the optimised capacities from a long-term capacity expansion scenario into a dispatch scenario is called *soft-linking*. In Scenario Builder: * Run an OSeMOSYS scenario * Download the results * Create a PyPSA scenario for your year of choice. * Update the `Installed Capacity` template with the optimal capacities for that year. Optionally: turn off capacity expansion by setting Maximum Additional Capacity to zero. * Solve and inspect the results. * The increased time resolution may lead to infeasibilities now that demand and supply must be matched for every hour of the year. From here, you may want to: * Re-run the long-term expansion model with modified inputs (higher demand, lower renewable availability) ### Soft-Linking with AMP Soft-linking can also be performed through our AI assistant, [AMP](https://docs.transitionzero.org/platform/amp-ai-assistant). * Given a solved OSeMOSYS capacity expansion scenario, the user will be presented with a button in their AMP interface that reads: `Create dispatch scenario`. * When selecting this button, AMP will create a dispatch scenario using optimised capacities from the current scenario. It will also transfer any edits to the default data in the solved scenario where relevant. * AMP will ask the user to specify which year from the solved capacity expansion scenario should be used for the dispatch simulation. * A new scenario is then created, which can be run via the AMP interface. # Model methodology Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/methodology/model-methodology This section outlines the modelling methodology behind Scenario Builder. Our goal is to make energy system modelling accessible by being transparent about the data, assumptions, and calculations we use - even for those without a technical background. This document is a key part of your learning journey. It's a living resource, updated as the platform evolves and shaped by valuable user feedback. # How do the models work? Building an energy system model involves two main aspects: 1. **Representing the current energy system:** Understanding the existing power plants, grids, and energy demand as it is today. 2. **Projecting the future energy system:** Making informed assumptions about how technology costs, demand, and policies might change, and how the energy system could evolve in response. The models use optimisation techniques to identify the least-cost way to meet electricity demand—either over several decades for long-term planning (known as Capacity Expansion or CE modelling), or in high temporal detail for a specific year (known as Unit Dispatch or UD modelling). The objective is typically to minimise the Net Present Value (NPV) of total system costs, including investment in new infrastructure and ongoing operating costs. # Key components of model methodology This document outlines the data and assumptions that underpin our energy system models: * **Spatial, temporal, and sectoral scope**: Defines the geography, time horizon, and energy types covered. * **Data inputs** * Existing and future assets: Describes current and potential power plants, storage, and transmission infrastructure. * Techno-economic inputs: Includes costs, efficiencies, and operational characteristics of each technology. * Commodity (fuel) prices: Covers prices for fuels such as natural gas and coal. * Financial inputs: Includes discount rates and other parameters affecting investment decisions. * Renewable energy profiles and potentials: Captures the availability and characteristics of solar, wind, and other renewable resources. * Demand data: Projects future electricity demand and its variation over time. * Policy information: Reflects regulations, targets, and other policy considerations. # Data quality standards (medallion system) Throughout this document, we use a Gold, Silver, and Bronze medallion system to indicate the source and quality of data, ensuring transparency in how models are built. The choice of data standard can impact the precision and granularity of the model results. Higher standards generally lead to more robust and reliable outputs. Bronze is considered the minimum standard for publication. Each input variable is assigned a medallion level based on the quality of its source. | **Medallion** | **Description** | | :----------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Gold (“*Best in Class*”) | Typically uses highly verified, country-specific, and often asset-level data. Provides the highest accuracy. | | Silver (“*Good*”) | Uses good quality national or regional estimates, often from reputable international sources or validated datasets. | | Bronze (“*Publishable*”) | Uses more generalised or readily available global/regional data, which is acceptable for initial assessments but may have less precision. | We also apply the following key to each input: * **Fact:** A historical or current value with a single source of truth, typically from an asset owner. * **Assumption:** A value based on accepted benchmarks or norms (e.g. cost of capital). * **Projection:** A future value derived from calculations, models, or scenario assumptions. The **‘Country Models**’ section clearly indicates the data standard used for all inputs in each modelled country. # Model resolution Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/methodology/model-resolution This page explains how spatial (geographic) and temporal (time) resolution impacts modelling results. # Spatial resolution (geographical detail) Models can represent different geographical areas. ## **National level** Models the entire country as a single point or “node.” ## **Sub-national or nodal level** Divides the country or region into multiple interconnected zones or “nodes” (e.g., states, islands, or distinct grid areas), enabling the modelling of electricity flows between them. Scenario Builder currently lets you select from predefined regions or countries, with the level of spatial detail clearly described for each.
# Temporal resolution (time detail) The models consider how energy supply and demand change over time. ## Modelling horizon Typically spans from a base year (e.g., 2023 or 2024) to a future year (e.g., 2050 or 2060). ## Time slices ### **What Are Timeslices?** In energy systems modelling, a *timeslice* is a representative block of time used to break down a full year. Instead of modelling all 8,760 hours individually - which is computationally very intensive - timeslices group these hours into a smaller, more manageable set of ‘representative’ periods.These periods typically represent a combination of seasons, days of the week, and times of the day. *Example*: A simple model might divide the year into 12 timeslices: * 4 Seasons (Winter, Spring, Summer, Autumn) * 3 Daily Periods (Peak, Off-Peak, Base) ### **Why Are They Used?** Timeslices are essential for capturing the variability of both energy demand and supply, which a simple annual average would miss. * *Demand*: Energy consumption is not constant - it varies by time of day and season. Demand for heating is high on a winter night, while demand for air conditioning is high on a summer afternoon (a "peak" period). * *Supply*: The output from renewable sources like solar and wind is not constant - it varies intermittently based on the weather. Solar panels only generate power during the day (a "day" slice), and wind can be stronger in one season than another. By defining timeslices, you can model these crucial variations, ensuring your system has enough capacity to meet peak demand, realistically model the contribution of variable renewables, without the need for computationally intractable models. ## Hourly detail For Unit Dispatch models focusing on a single year's operation, full hourly (or even sub-hourly) resolution is often used to capture variability more accurately. Scenario Builder currently allows you to choose between low (1 time slice), medium (32 time slices), and high (hourly) temporal resolution, depending on your analysis needs. # Renewable energy potentials Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/methodology/renewable-potentials What are RE potentials and how do they impact modelling results? Renewable potentials for solar photovoltaic (PV), onshore wind, and offshore wind were calculated across 201 model nodes using an area-based approach. For each node, the total available area for installing each technology was estimated, and this area was multiplied by an assumed installable capacity per unit area to determine the technical potential. For solar PV and onshore wind, the area analysis excluded unsuitable land types such as protected areas defined by the [World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)](https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/thematic-areas/wdpa?tab=WDPA). Usable land was then estimated based on assumed percentages of each land type within the node. For example, 3% of cropland was assumed usable for onshore wind, based on a European area analysis by Scholz (2012). These assumptions may not be universally applicable due to differing socio-political contexts across regions. Protected area data was sourced from the WDPA, and land cover data was drawn from the [Copernicus Global Land Service (CGLS)](https://land.copernicus.eu/global/products/lcv), which provides a global 100 m resolution land cover map with 23 discrete classes. The table below maps CGLS land class codes to specific land types used in the analysis. | **Land Type** | **Solar Usable Fraction (%)** | **Onshore Wind Usable Fraction (%)** | **CGLS Land Classes** | | :---------------------------- | :---------------------------- | :----------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------- | | Protected Areas | 0 | 0 | N/A | | Urban | 2.4 | 0 | 50 | | Cropland | 0.03 | 3 | 40 | | Forest | 0 | 3 | 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126 | | Shrubs and vegetation | 0.03 | 3 | 20, 30 | | Bare | 33 | 33 | 60 | | Water, wetland, moss and ice. | 0 | 0 | 70, 80, 90, 100, 200 | For offshore wind, assumptions were applied to restrict turbine siting within each node’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Turbines were only considered feasible if located at least 5 km offshore and in waters shallower than 300 m. EEZ boundaries were obtained from the [Marine Regions](https://www.marineregions.org/) World EEZ v12 dataset, and bathymetry data from  [GEBCO](https://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/gridded_bathymetry_data/). Installable capacity assumptions were based on [Scholz et al. (2012)](https://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/server/api/core/bitstreams/4c31d528-3f6e-496c-bcd2-23b8aee870fc/content): onshore wind – 10.42 MW/km², offshore wind – 10.42 MW/km², and solar PV – 141.9 MW/km². Hydropower potentials were sourced from [Hoes et al. (2017)](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0171844), an online database of potential hydropower locations. These were aggregated at the node level, excluding any sites located within protected areas. Data sourcing standards for RE potentials are detailed below. # Data sourcing standards – RE potentials | **Input Variable** | **Model Type** | **Gold Standard ('Best in Class')** | **Silver Standard ('Good')** | **Bronze Standard ('Publishable')** | | :-------------------------- | :------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Renewable energy potentials | CE & UD | Land and policy constraints (e.g. local, state and national land use regulations). Based on a peer reviewed methodology. | Land and policy constraints (e.g. local, state and national land use regulations) bands broken up by RE quality. Based on a peer reviewed methodology. | Uniform global methodology which is not customised for every country. | # Renewable energy profiles Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/methodology/renewable-profiles What are RE profiles, and how do they impact modelling results? Profiles for onshore wind, offshore wind, and solar PV were sourced from [renewables ninja](https://www.renewables.ninja/). This platform uses the VWF model to convert wind speed data from NASA MERRA reanalysis into power output, and the [GSEE model (Global Solar Energy Estimator)](https://gsee.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) to generate solar PV profiles from solar radiation data. For each model node, a representative latitude and longitude were selected, and the 2013 profile at that point was used as the node’s generation profile. Hydropower profiles were obtained from the [PLEXOS World model data](https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/CBYXBY), which consolidates monthly capacity factors for 7,155 hydro power plants using data from the [Global Reservoir and Dam Database (GRAND)](https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/100125) and a study by [Gernaat et al (2017)](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-017-0006-y). The study identified over 60,000 potential new hydropower sites and developed monthly discharge profiles for both new and existing sites, based on 30 years of runoff data. Data sourcing standards for RE profiles are detailed below # Data sourcing standards – RE profiles | **Input Variable** | **Model Type** | **Gold Standard ('Best in Class')** | **Silver Standard ('Good')** | **Bronze Standard ('Publishable')** | | :----------------- | :------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------- | | Renewable profiles | CE & UD | Sub-Admin- polygons with weighted averages. Size of the polygon based on a peer-reviewed methodology. | Synthetically generate a profile based on available historical data—best case from actual Admin-1, worst case from some other reference region. | Renewable profiles are weighted averages over Admin 1. | # Techno-economic inputs Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/methodology/techno-economic-inputs This page discusses the different types of tecno-economic input data used in energy system modelling # Summary An energy system model includes a set of ‘technologies’ – a broad term that encompasses all forms of energy infrastructure, including power plants, transmission lines, and storage systems. Techno-economic inputs describe the characteristics of these technologies Below is a representative list of technology groups and the specific technologies they include. The full set of technologies available in Scenario Builder is detailed below. # Technology set ``` thermal coal coal-subcritical coal-supercritical coal-ultrasupercritical coal-circulating-fluidized-bed coal-integrated-gasification-combined-cycle coal-unspecified gas gas-internal-combustion-combined-cycle gas-combined-cycle gas-turbine gas-open-cycle-gas-turbine gas-steam-turbine gas-integrated-solar-combined-cycle gas-allum-fetvedt-cycle gas-unspecified oil petroleum-products-internal-combustion-engine oil-unspecified cofiring gas-coal-cofiring gas-oil-cofiring coal-bio-cofiring gas-bio-cofiring cofiring-unspecified gas-ammonia-cofiring cogeneration gas-cogeneration coal-cogeneration bio-cogeneration cogeneration-unspecified waste thermal-unspecified bioenergy biomass biogas bioenergy-unspecified storage battery utility-scale domestic-scale battery-unspecified battery-energy-storage-system carbon-capture-and-storage coal-ccs gas-ccs ccs-unspecified renewables marine wave tidal marine-unspecified solar solar-unspecified solar-thermal concentrated-solar-thermal solar-thermal-unspecified photovoltaic concentrated-photovoltaic photovoltaic-unspecified wind wind-nearshore-intertidal wind-onshore wind-offshore wind-offshore-unspecified wind-offshore-hard-mount wind-offshore-floating wind-unspecified geothermal geothermal-unspecified geothermal-flash-steam geothermal-flash-steam-unspecified geothermal-flash-steam-single geothermal-flash-steam-double geothermal-flash-steam-triple geothermal-dry-steam geothermal-binary-cycle enhanced-geothermal-system low-carbon nuclear hydro-reservoir-storage hydro-reservoir hydro-reservoir-and-run-of-river hydro-pumped-storage hydro-pumped-storage-unspecified hydro-reservoir-and-pumped-storage hydro-run-of-river ammonia interconnection transmission ``` # Technology costs ## Generator Capital Costs (CAPEX) CAPEX refers to the upfront investment needed to build new energy infrastructure. These are one-time costs for purchasing and installing technologies. The costs applied here are overnight costs - they do not include the interest during construction. This could lead to an underestimation of capital costs, especially in cases with high upfront costs, construction times, and interest rates. * **Includes:** equipment, engineering, procurement, construction (EPC), land, grid connection, permitting, environmental impact assessments. * **Units:** typically expressed as currency per unit of capacity (e.g. \$/kW for power plants and transmission, \$/kWh for storage). The default capital cost of battery energy storage is calculated as the sum of its power and energy components, following the NREL approach, using the following equation: Total capital cost (USD/MW) = power component (USD/MW) + storage duration (hours) × energy component (USD/MWh) The power and energy component costs are taken from national or regional technology catalogues, and a storage duration of 4 hours is assumed. ## Operating expenditures (OPEX) OPEX refers to the ongoing costs to operate and maintain energy infrastructure over its lifetime, after the initial CAPEX. * **Variable Operating costs**: proportional to the amount of electricity generated or activity level * Includes: fuel costs (though sometimes treated separately, Commodity (Fuel) Price section), consumables. * Units: \$/MWh of electricity generated. * **Fixed Operating costs:** incurred regardless of energy production level, typically time-based * Includes: salaries, insurance, routine maintenance, property taxes. * Units: \$/MW/year (or \$/kW/year). For the majority of countries or nodes, all costs are expressed in 2023 USD. Data sourcing standards for technology costs are detailed below. ## Data sourcing standards – technology costs | **Input Variable** | **Model Type** | **Gold Standard ('Best in Class')** | **Silver Standard ('Good')** | **Bronze Standard ('Publishable')** | | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :---------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | Technology costs - current (Generator Capital Cost, Fixed & Variable Operating Cost) | CE & UD | For deregulated or liberalised markets: Auction results. Analysis based on equipment manufacturers, project developers, country-specific studies. | National-level estimates from data owner or specific national reports. | IEA region-level data, or global averages, applied to the country/region. | | Technology costs - future projections | CE | Detailed, country-specific cost projection studies incorporating learning curves, R\&D impact, and local manufacturing potential. | IEA scenarios (e.g., WEO) or other reputable international projections. | Extrapolation of current costs or application of generic global learning rates. | # Efficiencies Efficiencies are represented by Fuel Use Rate input, which is the amount of fuel energy input required to produce one unit of energy output. Expressed as a value representing the ratio of energy input to energy output. For example: * A coal power plant with 40% efficiency has a Fuel Use Rate of 2.5 (meaning 2.5 units of fuel are needed to generate 1 unit of electricity). * A CCGT gas plant with 60% efficiency has a Fuel Use Rate of 1.67 (meaning 1.67 units of fuel are needed to generate 1 unit of electricity). * A battery with 85% round-trip efficiency has a Fuel Use Rate of 1.18 (meaning 1.18 units of energy input are needed to discharge 1 unit of energy). In general: Fuel Use Rate = 1 / Efficiency. Data sourcing standards for efficiencies are detailed below. ## Data sourcing standards – efficiencies | **Input Variable** | **Model Type** | **Gold Standard ('Best in Class')** | **Silver Standard ('Good')** | **Bronze Standard ('Publishable')** | | :------------------ | :------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------- | :---------------------------------- | | Efficiency / Losses | CE & UD | Observed data by asset or specific technology from data owner, adjusted by age/retrofits. | Regional/country-level technology studies. | Global technology catalogues. | # Utilisation rates (Operational constraints) **Maximum Annual Utilisation** defines the highest level at which a power plant can operate within a given period, constrained by technical capability, economic viability, or regulatory requirements. For example, if a scenario sets a maximum annual utilisation rate of 80%, the model will cap the plant's total output to 80% of its theoretical maximum capacity annually. **Minimum Annual Utilisation** defines the lowest operating level required for a power plant, determined by plant-specific or technology-specific operational requirements. For example, if a scenario sets a minimum annual utilisation rate of 30%, the model will ensure the plant operates at least 30% of its theoretical maximum capacity annually. **Minimum Hourly Utilisation** is available only for dispatch scenarios, which sets the lowest required operating level at the hourly resolution. Samples of constraining factors: * **Maintenance**: Planned and unplanned maintenance reduces annual output and capacity availability. * **Resource availability**: Some technologies (e.g., geothermal) face natural limitations on output potential. * **Regulatory constraints**: Policy can mandate minimum or maximum operating hours to balance grid supply and emissions reduction. * **Technology specification**: Inflexible technologies such as coal plants have minimum operating levels to avoid excessive ramp-up and ramp-down costs. | **Power Plant Type** | **Suggested Default Maximum Utilisation Rate** | **Reference** | | :------------------- | :--------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | Nuclear | 91% | [‘Electricity Annual Technology Baseline (ATB) 2024: Technologies and Data Overview’, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | | Coal | 80% | [‘Electricity Annual Technology Baseline (ATB) 2024: Technologies and Data Overview’, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | | Natural Gas (CCGT) | 88% | [‘Electricity Annual Technology Baseline (ATB) 2024: Technologies and Data Overview’, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | | Natural Gas (OCGT) | 88% | [‘Electricity Annual Technology Baseline (ATB) 2024: Technologies and Data Overview’, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | | Biomass | 83% | [‘Electricity Annual Technology Baseline (ATB) 2024: Technologies and Data Overview’, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | | Geothermal | 90% | [‘Electricity Annual Technology Baseline (ATB) 2024: Technologies and Data Overview’, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 2024](https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/index) | # Operational life (Lifetime) The expected number of years a technology can operate before needing replacement. This is a key input for investment decisions. Sourced similarly to technology costs. The following table consolidates the operational lifespan data for various power plant technologies as identified from the referenced sources. | **Power Plant Type** | **Operational Lifespan (Years)** | **Reference** | | :------------------- | :------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Coal | 50 | [‘Mineral requirements for electricity generation’, 2021, World Nuclear Association (citing IEA)](https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/energy-and-the-environment/mineral-requirements-for-electricity-generation) | | Natural Gas (CCGT) | 30 | [‘Mineral requirements for electricity generation’, 2021, World Nuclear Association (citing IEA)](https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/energy-and-the-environment/mineral-requirements-for-electricity-generation) | | Natural Gas (OCGT) | 30 | [‘Mineral requirements for electricity generation’, 2021, World Nuclear Association (citing IEA)](https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/energy-and-the-environment/mineral-requirements-for-electricity-generation) | | Nuclear | 60 | [‘Mineral requirements for electricity generation’, 2021, World Nuclear Association (citing IEA)](https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/energy-and-the-environment/mineral-requirements-for-electricity-generation) | | Solar PV | 25 | [‘Mineral requirements for electricity generation’, 2021, World Nuclear Association (citing IEA)](https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/energy-and-the-environment/mineral-requirements-for-electricity-generation) | | Wind-Onshore | 25 | [‘Mineral requirements for electricity generation’, World Nuclear Association (citing IEA), 2021](https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/energy-and-the-environment/mineral-requirements-for-electricity-generation) | | Wind-Offshore | 25 | [‘Mineral requirements for electricity generation’, World Nuclear Association (citing IEA), 2021](https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/energy-and-the-environment/mineral-requirements-for-electricity-generation) | | Hydropower | 100 | [‘Hydropower Explained: Hydropower and the environment’, U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2023](https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/hydropower/hydropower-and-the-environment.php) | | Geothermal | 30 | [‘FAQ (Geothermal Energy)’, Enel Green Power](https://www.enelgreenpower.com/learning-hub/renewable-energies/geothermal-energy/faq) | | Biomass | 25 | [‘Biomass CCS Study’, Global CCS Institute, 2015](https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/archive/hub/publications/98606/biomass-ccs-study.pdf) | # Growth or Build Rates (Capacity addition constraints) Maximum allowed increase in capacity for a given technology year on year. There are two growth rate constraints: Relative and Absolute Maximum Growth Rate. **Relative Maximum Growth Rate** is defined as the maximum allowed annual percentage growth in the given technology's capacity year on year, expressed as a decimal (e.g. 0.2 for 20%). The growth rate is applied to total capacity in the preceding year. **Absolute Maximum Growth Rate** is expressed in absolute values. If used in conjunction with Relative Maximum Growth Rate, the model may build new capacity at this floor value, in addition to the product of the previous year's total capacity and the Relative Maximum Growth Rate. This parameter can also act as a 'seed' value where no or minimal capacity exists for the technology to which a growth rate is applied. Expressed in absolute values. # Emission rate The rate at which a technology emits pollutants, especially greenhouse gases (CO₂), per unit of energy produced or fuel consumed (e.g. tonnes CO₂/MWh or tonnes CO₂/TJ). Where available, this is derived from the technology's emission factor and heat rate. Sources include IPCC guidelines, national emissions inventories, and specific studies. These rates are critical for calculating total emissions and assessing alignment with climate targets. The following table summarizes the life-cycle GHG emission factors for various electricity generation technologies based on the IPCC AR6 WGIII. | **Technology** | **Median (gCO2eq/kWh)** | | :------------------- | :---------------------- | | Coal | 980 | | Natural Gas (CCGT) | 490 | | Natural Gas (OCGT) | 680 | | Oil (Heavy Fuel Oil) | 740 | Data sourcing standards for emission factors are detailed below. Scenario Builder currently evaluates only CO₂ emissions and does not yet account for other regulated air pollutants such as NOₓ and SOₓ. ## Data sourcing standards – emission factors | **Input Variable** | **Model Type** | **Gold Standard ('Best in Class')** | **Silver Standard ('Good')** | **Bronze Standard ('Publishable')** | | :------------------ | :------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :----------------------------------- | | Emission rate (CO2) | CE & UD | Plant-specific or country-specific, fuel-specific, technology-specific data from official national reporting (e.g. EUTL). | Default factors from IPCC or reputable regional databases, differentiated by technology and fuel. | Global average IPCC default factors. | # Reserve Margin A constraint that ensures the total available generation capacity exceeds the peak demand by a specified percentage. It represents a reliability requirement to maintain operational flexibility and hedge against unexpected outages or demand variations. # AMP AI Assistant Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/platform/amp-ai-assistant AMP is an AI assistant designed to help you build, debug, and analyse energy system models directly within Scenario Builder. # Changelog AMP can now: * Build and edit scenarios for you, without leaving the chat * Save and load your pending and past conversations, allowing you to resume old conversations or to multitask with AMP * Reason about and create constraints over [node and technology groups](https://docs.transitionzero.org/platform/editing-scenarios#group-constraints) * Interact with large scenarios, such as our Asean Power Grid scenario ## Overview AMP is an AI assistant embedded into Scenario Builder. It has access to specialised tools that allow it to interact with your scenarios: analysing inputs, debugging infeasible runs, drafting base scenarios from research questions, and applying scenario edits for your review. ## Key Features AMP has direct access to your scenario's configuration. It can sanity-check your data and provide reasoned analysis of your results.
**Try asking:** *"Why is renewable curtailment high in the South?"* When a model run fails or is deemed infeasible, AMP analyses your inputs for logical conflicts and suggests specific solutions.
**Try asking:** *"Why is this scenario infeasible?"* AMP can create draft base scenarios from your research question or modelling brief, helping you move from idea to testable setup faster.
**Try asking:** *"Draft a long-term capacity expansion scenario for APG."* AMP can modify scenario inputs and generate sensitivity variants, then present each edited scenario for verification or further refinement.
**Try asking:** *"Create three PV learning-rate sensitivity variants for this scenario."* ## User Guide ### Setting Context To get the best results, ensure AMP is looking at the right data. Load a scenario into context in one of two ways: Navigate to the specific Scenario page or Results page within your workspace. From anywhere in the app, click the `@` button in the chat bar to select a specific scenario from your project. ### Creating and editing scenarios You can ask AMP a research question, describe a target outcome, or specify a modelling change, and AMP will convert that intent into draft scenarios or scenario edits. When needed, AMP can create a new draft base scenario and/or apply updates to an existing scenario, including multiple sensitivity variants in one request. After creating or editing scenarios, AMP always presents the outputs back to you for verification before you proceed. You can then request additional refinements in chat. **Best Practice:** Be explicit about scope (for example technologies, regions, or parameters) to get faster and more accurate scenario drafts and edits. ### Chat history AMP conversations are saved automatically as you work. You can reopen a previous chat at any time to continue a modelling thread. ### Managing Context AMP's performance may degrade if a single conversation becomes too long or if you switch between multiple different scenarios within one chat session. **Best Practice:** Start a new chat session whenever you change topic or switch to a different scenario. ## Limitations & Constraints It is important to understand how AMP interacts with your data to interpret its answers correctly. AMP's general world knowledge is cut off as of **January 2025**. However, it can retrieve current data from your specific scenario context or the up-to-date Scenario Builder documentation. AMP cannot browse the live internet. It relies strictly on its training data, the provided documentation, and the scenario data you have loaded. Like all Large Language Models (LLMs), AMP can make mistakes with complex mental arithmetic. * **Recommendation:** Use AMP to *set up* the model inputs, and let Scenario Builder's engine perform the calculation. Always verify precise numerical figures in the results table. AMP sees your scenario data at reduced numerical precision (fewer decimal places) to save context space. For most analysis this is sufficient, but you may notice small rounding discrepancies compared to your raw data exports. For performance reasons, AMP does not read every data point in hourly model results. Instead, it analyses aggregated annual statistics and a sample of representative days. **AI Reliability** We use advanced prompting and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) to ground AMP in your data, but AI models can occasionally hallucinate. * **Verification:** Always verify critical model inputs and results in the Scenario Builder tables and charts. * **Edits:** Review all drafted and edited scenarios to ensure they match your intent. * **Advice:** AMP provides modelling assistance, not financial or investment advice. ## Usage Limits AMP is subject to daily token usage limits. Users running heavy queries against very large scenarios may reach these limits. Please contact [support@transitionzero.org](mailto:support@transitionzero.org) if you require increased usage limits for enterprise projects. ## Data Privacy & Security We take the security of your proprietary modelling data seriously. * **Data Isolation:** Your scenario data is sent to the LLM (Google Vertex AI) only when you actively use the assistant with a scenario loaded. * **Chat History Storage:** Saved AMP chat history is stored securely within your TransitionZero workspace. * **No Training on User Data:** Neither TransitionZero nor our LLM providers use your private scenario data or chat history to train public AI models. * **Authentication:** All AI requests are protected by your standard TransitionZero user session. * **Cloud Security:** The backend operates within a secure, enterprise-grade Google Cloud environment. For more details, see the [Data Privacy FAQs](/platform/data-privacy-faqs). # Creating a Scenario Source: https://docs.transitionzero.org/platform/creating-a-scenario How to create a project and configure a new scenario: geography, model type, timeline, and temporal resolution. In Scenario Builder, your work is organised into **projects** and **scenarios**: * A **project** is a container for related scenarios, for example all the scenarios exploring one research question or country * A **scenario** explores a single possible future for the electricity system, based on your assumptions about demand, technology, and policy ## 1. Create a project From your workspace, click **New Project**, give it a name, and create it. You can rename or delete a project later from the project page.